/ f 



UInMTED STATES BUREAU OF EDUCATION 

BULLETIN, 1912; NO. 5 WHOLE NUMBER 473 



A STUDY OF EXPENSES OF CITY 






By HARLAN UPDEGRAFF 

SPEQAUST IN SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION 
BUREL^U OF EDUCATION 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1912 




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5 



UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EDUCATION 

BULLETIN. 1912: NO. 5 WHOLE NUMBER 473 



Sou 



A STUDY OF EXPENSES OF CITY 
SCHOOL SYSTEMS 



By HARLAN UPDEGRAFF 

SPECIAUST IN SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION 
BUREAU OF EDUCATION 



/I 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1912 



V 






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en 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Letter of transmittal 5 

Classification of tables 8 

General method of treatment 9 

Basal tables 10 

Percentages of total school expenses 11 

Method of using the percentage tables 13 

Comparison of percentages of expenses between groups of cities 19 

The average costs per pupil for certain principal items of expense 19 

Method of using the average-cost tables 21 

Total school expenses as compared with population, etc 27 

Average cost per pupil of elementary and secondary schools 35 

3 



! 



LETTER OF TRAISTSMITTAL. 



Department of the Interior, 

Bureau of Education, 
Washington., February IJf.., 191'2. 
Sir: It is of the greatest importance that careful attention be given 
to the expenditures made by all governmental agencies. The expenses 
of certain cities rival in amounts the expenses of State governments. 
From 20 to 50 per cent of the expenses of cities go to the support of 
the public schools. Over $200,000,000 are expended annually by the 
city school systems of the United States. Doubtless thousands of 
dollars of this amount might be saved each year if each city knew the 
proportion in which other cities are distributing their money among the 
various school activities and the unit cost for each activity. Likewise, 
cities which are confining their endeavors within a too narrow range, 
or which are spending too little upon a particular object, will have 
these facts revealed. Dr. Updegraff's study, transmitted herewith, 
furnishes just such information for 103 cities of 30,000 inhabitants or 
over. It establishes tentative norms for cities of this size. Its value, 
however, is not confined to these larger cities alone. It provides a 
method for the treatment of similar statistics of smaller cities, towns, 
and rural districts. A superintendent or a fiscal officer may take such 
data as are found in national and State educational reports, and by 
following the method observed in this monograph may ascertain the 
true relation of the expenses of his own system to such others as he 
desires to include in his study. I therefore recommend the publica- 
tion of it as a buUetion of this oflace. 

Very respectfully, P. P. Claxton, 

Commissioner. 
5 



A STUDY OF EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



The object of tliis bulletin is threefold: (1) To provide those 
charged with the administration of public schools in the largest cities 
of the United States the means of making exact comparisons of cost 
between any two or more cities, mth a minimum of effort; (2) to 
estabUsh certain standards by which any item of expense of any 
city of 30,000 population or over may be measured and by means 
of which comparisons of expenses of tliis and future years may be 
made; (3) and to present certain conclusions regarding urban 
education which a study of the statistics seems to estabhsh. 

Current expenses, or "expenses," include the costs of conducting 
a business or an enterprise of any sort which involves expenditures. 
Set over against expenses are capital outlays. Under this latter 
head are the costs of the original plant and its extensions and their 
equipment. Payments to sinking and other funds, interest, and 
similar payments are not embraced in either of the above classes. 

The basal data used in this study were gathered by agents of the 
Bureau of the Census, who personally visited the fiscal offices of the 
cities included and with the assistance of those in charge compiled 
the statistics from the account books and vouchers. The data as 
reported to the Census Ofiice were placed at the disposal of the 
Bureau of Education. 

The fiscal years of city school systems are not uniform; in fact, 
there is the greatest diversity in this particular. The closing dates 
of the fiscal years included in this study lie between July 1, 1908, 
and June 30, 1909. 

The 103 cities of 30,000 population or over whose expenses are 
presented in the study are divided into four groups. Group I is 
composed of cities of 300,000 population or over in 1910; Group II, 
of cities of 100,000 to 300,000; Group III, of cities of 50,000 to 
100,000; and Group IV, of cities of 30,000 to 50,000. The number 
of cities in each of the respective groups is as follows: 13, 20, 42, 28. 
The total number of cities in the United States in 1910 above 30,000 
in population was 184, distributed among the various groups as 
follows: 18, 32, 59, 75. Tliis study includes, therefore, practically 
two-thirds of the cities in the first three groups (72 per cent, 60 per 
cent, and 71 per cent), and one-third (37.5 per cent) of the cities in 

7 



8 EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 

the fourth group. Each group is sufficiently full to warrant valid 
conclusions respecting each group alone and its relations to the 
other groups. 

The cities appear m the order of their population in 1910. Each 
city bears the same number throughout all the tables. 

CLASSIFICATION OF TABLES. 

The principal tables are grouped as follows : 

1. The basal tables containing seven financial tables showing in 
detail the cost of each kind of expense for each city. (Tables 16 to 
22.) 

2. The percentage tables, containing six tables showing in detail 
for each city the percentage which each kind of expense is of the 
entire expense. (Tables 23 to 28.) 

3. The average cost tables (two tables), showing in detail for each 
city the annual cost per pupil, based on enrollment, of each kind of 
expense for instruction, operation, and maintenance of elementary 
and secondary schools. (Tables 29 and 30.) 

4. One table showing the per capita cost of school expenses based 
upon population, the comparative cost of school expenses and city 
expenses, and of school expenses and expenses for poUce. (Table 31.) 

5. One table comparing the total costs of elementary and secondary 
schools in each city. (Table 32.) 

The various items of school expenses are classified in these tables 
under the following heads : 

1. Expenses of general control. 

2. Expenses of instruction, operation, and maintenance of ele- 
mentary schools. 

3. Expenses of instruction, operation, and maintenance of 
secondary schools. 

4. Expenses of instruction, operation, and maintenance of normal, 
evening, vocation, and special schools (totals only). 

5. Combined expenses of instruction, operation, and maintenance 
of schools of all kinds. 

6. Miscellaneous expenses. 

One table is devoted to each of these heads in both the basal and 
percentage tables. Only heads 2 and 3 are represented in the 
average cost tables, because satisfactory units of measure were not 
available for the other items. The actual costs of kindergartens are 
segregated in a separate table. But because many cities do not 
separate the expenses of kindergartens and elementary schools, it is 
not possible to make a fair comparison of the expenses of all the cities 
for these classes of schools separately. They are therefore com- 
bined with the expenses of the elementary schools, and no computa- 
tion is made of percentages and average costs of kindergartens. 



GENERAL METHOD OF TREATMENT. 9 

The classification of items under each of these heads is not in 
accord with the classification of the new standard fiscal schedule of 
the Bureau of Education as adopted by the Department of Superin- 
tendence of the National Education Association. The tables were 
completed before the new schedule had been framed, but after the 
time when it was clear that the arrangement of the Census Office 
schedule would not longer prevail. It was thought best to place 
certain items under miscellaneous expenses rather than to incur the 
risk of finding them misplaced later under one of the more important 
heads. Of these items, school census and elections, and truant 
officers and police have been placed in the new schedule under 
"General control," insurance has been assigned to "maintenance of 
school plant," while medical inspection and nurses, and transportation 
of pupils have been placed, together \vith libraries, in a new division 
called "Auxihary agencies," 

No differentiation has been made between expenses of instruction, 
operation, and maintenance, for the reason that the definition of the 
items in accordance with which the basal statistics were collected 
made it impossible. 

GENERAL METHOD OF TREATMENT. 

It has come to be generally accepted that the way in which to give 
the clearest and at the same time the most accurate measure of a 
series of numbers is to state the median of the series and the limits 
of the middle 50 per cent. In time past the arithmetical mean or 
average has been used for this purpose, and it still has its value. 
Nevertheless its disadvantages, especially that of the undue weight 
exercised by a number which is very large or very small as compared 
with the others in the series, are causing the increased use of the 
median wherever practicable. 

The determination of the median and of the middle 50 per cent 
requires first the arrangement of numbers or values in a series accord- 
ing to their amounts and then the numbering of the series, beginning 
with the lowest. The median is the amount above .and below which 
one-half of the members of the series falls. In other words, it is the 
middle one (halfway between the two next the middle in case the 
number of things is even) of the things involved, distributed in the 
order of their amounts or values. Thus, if the number of cases or 
things were 17, the ninth case would be the median, because there 
would be S above and 8 below it. If the number of cases were 16 
the median would be obtained by finding the halfway point between 
the value of case 8 and case 9. 

The middle 50 per cent is found by various methods. The method 
followed in this study is one of the simplest. By the term as it is 
here used is meant the two limits between which are found those 



10 EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 

cases, amounting to one-half the total number, that are nearest the 
median, one-half the middle 50 per cent of the cases being below the 
median, the other half above it. For example, if the number of 
cases were 16, cases 5 to 12, inclusive, would compose the middle 50 
per cent, and the amounts of these cases give the limits of the middle 
50 per cent. When the number of cases is such that the upper and 
lower limits of the middle 50 per cent fall between two numbers, the 
halfwaj^ points between them are taken as the limits.^ 

The medians and the limits of the middle 50 per cent for each column 
are given by groups in the first lines of each table. 

The second feature of the general method of treatment is the 
"ranking" of the various amounts in each column by groups. The 
"rank" of an item is its place in the series as arranged for the deter- 
mination of the median and the middle 50 percent, as just described, the 
item lowest in value being given rank 1, the next to the lowest rank 2, 
and so on. In other words, the "ranks" are the result of the process 
of the numbering of the series, which necessarily precedes the deter- 
mination of the median and the middle 50 per cent. No element of 
comparative worth is attached to the numbers given. In some items, 
as in fuel, it is creditable to a city to have a low number; in others, a 
high number. The purpose for the insertion of the columns entitled 
''rank" in the tables is merely to facihtate the comparison of items. 

BASAL TABLES. 

The basal tables (16 to 22) contain the actual expenses, in dollars, for 
each city. The remaining groups of tables are based upon them, 
either in whole or in part, and serve to interpret more clearly the 
facts therein presented. All comparisons of actual costs must be 
made from this table. \ 

The principal tables in this group are: 16, which gives the costs of 
general control subdivided according to the different functions 
which operate in this field; 17, which gives the expenses of instruc- 
tion, operation, and maintenance of the elementary school subdivided 
into the different purposes for which the expenses were incurred; 
18, which gives the same for the secondary school; 19, which gives 
the total expenses for instruction, operation, and maintenance of city 
training schools, of evening schools, of vacation schools, and of 
special schools, without reference to the particular purpose for which 
various expenses making up the totals were incurred; and 21, which 
gives the expenses for various miscellaneous activities and objects. 
Table 20 has been introduced in order to bring together in one table 
the totals of the amounts spent for each of the various objects in the 
operation and maintenance of all the types of schools included in 

1 While this method of fixing the limits of the middle 50 per cent is not in strict accord with the most 
refined technical practice, it approximates the truth within fairly close limits. Those desiriag to work 
out these limits more accurately will find the tables of frequencies for the most important items on pages 
23-26. 



PEECENTAGES OP TOTAL SCHOOL EXPENSES. 11 

17, 18, and 19. In 22 are segregated those items of expenses included 
in 17 which were incurred on account of kindergartens. 

Speaking roughly, the $56,000,000 expended for all educational 
purposes by these cities were distributed as follows: General con- 
trol, $2,000,000; elementary schools, $43,000,000; secondary schools, 
$8,000,000 ; training, evening, vacation, and special schools, $1 ,000,000 ; 
miscellaneous purposes, $1,000,000. Distributing the cost of the ele- 
mentary, secondary, normal, evening, vacation, and special schools 
($52,500,000 in all) among the various objects for which the expenses 
were incurred, we find that $40,000,000 were spent for teaching and 
supervision, $2,000,000 for textbooks and supplies, $4,000,000 for 
janitors, $3,000,000 for other expenses of operation, and $3,500,000 
for repairs and replacements. The accompanying table shows the 
correct percentage of the total expenses for each educational activity 
and each kind of expense just mentioned. 

Table 1. — Per cent oj total expenses J or all cities combined. 



Tables. 



Items. 



Per cent. 



General control 

Elementary schools 

Secondary schools 

Normal, evenmg, vacation, and special schools 

Miscellaneous expenses 

Total 

Total expenses, general control 

Salaries of teachers, all schools 

Salaries and expenses of supervision, all schools 

Textbooks, stationery, and general school supplies, all schools 

Janitors, engineers, and fii-emen, all schools 

other expenses of operation, all schools 

Apparatus and equipment, including repairs and replacements thereof, all schools. 

Repairs to buildings 

Miscellaneous expenses 

Total 



3.45 

76.20 

14.93 

2.75 

2.67 



100. 00 



3.45 
68.92 
2.15 
3.43 
6.92 
5.23 
1.67 
5.66 
2.67 



100. 00 



These percentages may be accepted as indicating present standards 
for all cities in the United States of 30,000 population and over. In 
other words, if all schools in this country were maintained by the 
Federal Government, Congress would have to appropriate money for 
their support in proportions approximating those given in this table. 
This does not mean that each group of cities or each city would or 
could conform to this scheme. The extent to which variation does 
occur, as well as the extent to which variation may occur without 
the necessity of any explanation in order to establish its reasonable- 
ness, will appear in the discussion of the next group of tables. 

PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL SCHOOL EXPENSES. 

The tables containing percentages (Tables 23-28) are practically 
the same in form as the basal tables (Tables 16-22). Every space in 
the basal tables has a corresponding space in the percentage tables 



12 EXPENSES OP CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 

in which is shown for each amount its per cent of the total school 
expenses of the city to which it relates. A column entitled "rank," 
the purpose of which, as well as the method of using it_, is explained 
upon page 10, is placed by the side of each percentage column. 

The median and the upper and lower limits of the middle 50 per 
cent (see p. 62) for each group are found together at the top of each 
table. 

There are two fundamental questions in a comparative study of 
the school expenses of cities: First, are the expenses distributed as 
in other cities ? Second, how do the unit costs for the various kinds 
of expenses compare ? The tables in this group furnish the material 
for the consideration of the first question. 

Caution regarding the use of the percentage tables. — Certain Hmita- 
tions upon the value of the conclusions based upon these percentage 
tables must not be overlooked. While they provide the most con- 
venient method for comparing all kinds of expenses within a single 
city and the best means for comparing the distribution of expenses 
of different cities, they do not take into account the differences in 
the scale or standard of expense upon which cities conduct their 
systems. A city of low-expense standard and a city of high-expense 
standard are upon the same plane. Furthermore, wliile they do 
reveal every instance of disproportion or departure from mean per- 
centages, it does not follow that such disproportions are improper, 
for in fact many of them can be justified. All that an instance of 
disproportion demands is that those in charge shall be able to make 
such justification. This can frequently be done by reference to the 
average-cost tables. For example, a high percentage of expenses for 
salaries of teachers in liigh schools may be justified partially or 
wholly if the average cost per pupil for that instruction does not 
vary far from the average. 

Costs of operation likewise need to be interpreted by means of 
units for measuring such expenses. As these have not yet been 
generally adopted, such data as are available concerning the size, 
structure, age of buildings, and similar conditions must be taken into 
account in a rough manner in judging of the relative proportions 
spent for operation. 

From all this follows the general principle that all percentage tables 
showing the distribution of expenses must be checked by reference 
to the average-cost tables and relative data. 

Again, the percentage tables do not take into account the absence 
of any particular class of expenditure, as for special schools or vaca- 
tion schools. As the total percentage for all kinds of expenses equals 
100 in every instance, it follows that those cities which have a hmited 
range of educational activity have a relatively larger percentage for 
the more common fields of expenditure. However, as the cities of 



PERCENTAGES OP TOTAIi SCHOOL EXPENSES. 13 

each group vary comparatively little in the scope of their work and 
as the amounts expended for the newer activities is relatively small, 
it follows that for practical purposes little or no account need be 
taken of the differences caused by this fact. 

The standard of comparison. — If all cities had exactly the same 
conditions surrounding the conduct of public schools and if all cities 
chose to meet these conditions in just the same way, the distribution 
of expenses would be practically the same in all. But as conditions 
are not the same and as school administration varies more or less, 
what limit should be set up for determining whether a city is in 
accord with or is an exception to the prevailing practice? The 
answer to this question is that the city which lies in the middle of 
the list of percentages arranged in order of amount may be taken as 
best representing the group, and that all expense accounts can be 
fairly called regular or proportionate if they fall in the middle 50 per 
cent of the list of percentages. Such is the standard used in this 
study. It may be found desirable, however, in applying this standard 
to some cities to include some percentages that are on the margin. 
This is due partially to the simplicity of the methods used in deter- 
mining the middle 50 per cent. 

METHOD OF USING THE PERCENTAGE TABLES. 

Comparison of percentages of cities in the same group for one Tcind 
of expense. — The relative position of any city as compared with other 
cities of the same group, in regard to the percentage of total school 
expenses incurred for any particular purpose may be quickly deter- 
mined from the percentage tables in the following manner: After 
noting the percentage for the item in question together with the rank 
for the same, reference should then be made to the median and the 
upper and lower limits of the middle 50 per cent, as given at the top 
of the table, and their respective ranks. The next step is to deter- 
mine the relation of the rank of the city to the ranks of the median 
and of the limits of the middle 50 per cent for the group to which the 
city belongs. If the digit indicating the rank of the city is less than 
the digit for the median of the group of cities, the city has a less 
percentage than the group of cities taken as a whole ; and if the digit 
is more the percentage is higher. If the digit is less than that of the 
lower limit of the middle 50 per cent or more than the upper limit 
the expenses may be considered as exceptionally low or exceptionally 

Comparison of distribution of expenses in one city with distribution 
of expenses in other cities of the same group. — This may be done in a 
cursory manner by extending the process just indicated to aU items 
and forming a rough judgment as to the items in which the city is 



14 



EXPENSES OP CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



low or high as compared with the group as a whole. The more 
accurate method consists in computing the differences between the 
percentages of the various classes of expenses for the city and the 
corresponding medians and arranging the excesses and deficiencies in 
separate hsts. As those items that vary most from the medians are 
of greatest importance, and as variation from the median to the extent 
of the limits of the middle 50 per cent may be regarded as normal, 
the computation of differences in cases wherein the city's percentage 
is within the limits of the middle 50 per cent may be for aU practical 
purposes neglected. The following table presents the result of such 
a computation for the city of Washington: 

Table 2. — Differences between the various percentages that lie outside the middle 50 per 
cents, and the median percentages jor the same items, jor Washington, D. C 









Amount 












Num- 




of 




Num- 




Amount 


Bank 


ber 
of 


Deficiencies. 


deficien- 
cies 


Rank. 


ber 
of 


Excesses. 


of excess 
above 




cases. 




below 
median. 




cases. 




median. 


3 


11 


Superintendent's ofKce 


.23 


9 


11 


Supervision of elementary 


1.62 


2 


13 


Salaries of elementary 


7.41 






schools. 








school teachers. 




10 


13 


Textbooks, stationery, and 


.83 


3 


11 


Repairs and replacements 
of equipment, elemen- 


.30 






supplies of elementary 
schools. 








tary schools. 




13 


13 


Fuel, elementary schools. . 


.75 


3 


12 


Evening schools 


1.04 


12 


12 


Repairs to buildings, ele- 


3.69 


1 


9 


Truant officers and police . . 


..32 






mentary schools. 




2 


8 


Payments to schools and 
institutions. 


.47 


12 


13 


Salaries of secondary 
school teachers. 


3.65 










8 


8 


Supervision of secondary 
schools. 


.81 










10 


10 


Apparatus and manual 
training equipment, sec- 
ondary schools. 


.33 










11 


12 


Repairs to buildings, 
secondary schools. 


.27 










11 


12 


Rent 


.86 









DEFICIENCIES 
7.0 6.0 6.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 


EXCESSES 
) _ 1.0 2^0 3;0 




— 






— 


..M 



GENERAL CONTROL 



^ELEMENTARY 
SCHOOLS 



SECONDARY 
SCHOOLS 



VeVENINQ SCHOOLS 



y MISCELLANEOUS 
r EXPENSES 



Fig. 1. — Differences between the various percentages of total expenses that lie outside the limits 
of the middle 50 per cent, and the median percentages for the same items, for Washington, 
D. C, based on Table 2. 



PERCENTAGES OP TOTAL SCHOOL EXPENSES. 15 

Having arranged the facts in tabular form and illustrated them by 
a diagram similar to the above, the next step in a rational considera- 
tion of such facts is to determine in which cases such differences from 
the normal percentages are justifiable. For, as has been said, pecu- 
liar conditions in many cases may either justify large percentages or 
require the keeping of expenses witliin low amounts. In order that 
this process may be more clearly understood, a possible explanation 
of the variations in the case of Washington is here presented. 

Let us start with the percentage in Table 2, that shows the largest 
deficiency — salaries of elementary school teachers. It has been said 
above that a high percentage for salaries of teachers would be justi- 
fied if the average cost per pupil were near the normal. It is likewise 
true that a low percentage for salaries of teachers could not be con- 
sidered as contrary to the best interests of the schools if the average 
costs for salaries were not below the normal. The average costs for 
elementary teachers in Washington is $21.24 or 88 cents above the 
median, as shown in Table 29. The deficiency in percentage may 
not, therefore, be considered as unreasonable or contrary to the best 
interests of the schools. Such contrast of a relatively low percentage 
on the one hand and of a relatively high average cost on the other 
presents an interesting situation. Unusually large amounts must 
have been spent for other purposes than salaries of elementary 
teachers in order to make so high an average cost appear so small in 
the percentage tables or else the number of pupils per teacher must 
have been unusually smaU. As the attendance statistics show the 
number of pupils per teacher to be only slightly below the normal, it 
follows that certain other expenses must be unusually high. The 
excess side of Table 2 seems to bear out this conclusion. 

Let us now turn to those items in which excesses appear in order 
to see whether they may be justified. Table 51 shows that the aver- 
age cost per pupU for salaries of teachers in secondary schools lies next 
to the median cost. Table 31 shows that the enrollment in secondary 
schools is larger than that of any city in the group except Chicago. It 
would seem, therefore, as though the large percentage for this purpose 
was entirely justified. A larger percentage for supervision of elemen- 
tary and secondary schools is unavoidable in Washington because of 
the duplication of positions and salaries in the schools for white and 
colored pupils. The school buildings of Washington are for the most 
part small buildings — the eight-room building being the most frequent. 
This naturally increases the cost of operation and maintenance. It 
would seem, however, since repairs and fuel for elementary school 
buUdings cost more proportionately than in any other city, and since 
repairs of secondary school buildings cost more than in any other 
city but one, that economy could be brought about in these partic- 
ulars. The same may be said with regard to rent, for Baltimore, 



16 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



whose expenditures in this Hne are notorious, is the only city whose 
percentage exceeds Washington's. Coming back again to the defi- 
ciency side of the table, small appropriations for evening schools have 
led a number of teachers to give their services voluntarily, and small 
appropriations for truant officers have led to voluntary activities in 
this regard as well. The figures demonstrate the need of increased 
appropriations for these last two purposes in order that Washington 
may have an organization which approximates the standard of other 
cities. 

CoTYi'parison of 'percentages of any one city witTi like percentages of all 
cities of 30,000 population and over included in this study. — This may 
be done in the same manner as indicated above for comparison with 
cities in the same group by using the medians and the limits of the 
middle 50 per cent for all cities as presented in the foUowing table: 



Table 3. 



-Medians and limits oj middle 50 per cents of percentages for entire list of 103 
cities. 





Medians. 


Lower 
limit of 
middle 
60 per 
cents. 


Upper 
limit of 
middle 
50 per 
cents. 


Table 23. 
Column 1 


0.875 
.800 

1.870 
.515 

3.200 

54.030 
76.640 

11.850 
16.430 

68. 170 

2.270 

3.560 

6.770 

3.420 

.420 

.440 

1.075 

.700 

.250 

.790 

5.130 

94. 530 

.190 
.395 
.320 
.760 
.310 
.470 
.160 
.530 
.240 
2.150 


0.480 
.250 

1.315 
.200 

2.440 

50. 470 
73.065 

9.770 
13.525 

64.425 

1.190 

1.870 

5.715 

2.320 

.270 

.250 

.690 

.350 

.080 

.430 

3.415 

92. 975 

.145 
.250 
.190 
.410 
.120 
.225 
.080 
.270 
.100 
1.200 


1.510 


2 


1.400 


3 


2.590 


4 


.820 


5 


4.405 


Table 24. 
Column 1 


58. 420 


13 


79.075 


Table 25. 


14. 120 


13 . . 


18.740 


Table 27. 
Column 1 


71.310 


2 


4.000 


3 


5.100 


4 


7.845 


6 


4.540 


6 . 


.630 


7 


.690 


8 


2.080 


9 


1.250 


10 


.460 


11 


1.750 


12 


7.170 


13 


95.590 


Table 28. 


.340 


2 


.545 


3 


.400 


4 


.910 


5 


.550 


6 


.980 


7 


.290 


8 . 


1.300 


9 


.750 


10 


2.960 







PERCENTAGES OP TOTAL- SCHOOL EXPENSES. 



17 



The accompanying tables of distribution of percentages for the 
most important items for the entire list of cities make possible a 
comparison which shows more definitely the relation of any city to 
every other city as regards one particular item of expense. For 
example, suppose we wish to ascertain the relative position of Balti- 
more as regards the per cent of total expenses devoted to salaries 
of elementary teachers. By referring to Table 24, column 1, we note 
that the per cent for this purpose is 58.5. Then, by consulting Table 
4 below, we ascertain that this per cent lies in the eighth step; that 
there are 18 cities in all having per cents lying between 57.50 and 
59.99; and that 66 cities have per cents lower than 57.50 and 17 cities 
have higher per cents than 59.99. These facts may be presented 
graphically in the same manner as a comparison of ratios of total 
expenses to population given in figure 8. 

Table 4. — Distribution of percentages of total school expenses expended for various 



A. FOR SUPERINTENDENT'S OFFICE. (See Table 23, column 3.) 



Per cent of total school expenses. 


Number 

of 

cities. 


Per cent of total school expenses. 


Number 
of 

cities. 


Less than 0.50 


2 
14 

15 
25 
17 


2.50to2.99 


13 


0.50 to 0.99 


3.00 to 3. 49 


9 
4 


1.00 to 1.49 


3.50 to 3.99 


1.50 to 1.99 


4.00 to 4.50... 


3 


2.00 to 2.49 











B. GENERAL CONTROL. (See Table 23, column 5.) 



Less than 1.00 


1 
13 
32 
24 
16 


5.00 to 5.99 


7 


1.00 to 1.99 


6.00 to 6.99 


5 


2.00 to 2.99 


7.00 to 7.99... 


1 


3.00 to 3.99 


8.00 to 8.99 


3 


4.00 to 4.99 


9.00 to 9.99... 


X 









C. SALARIES OF ELEMENTARY TEACHERS. (See Table 24, column 1.) 



Below 42.50 


1 

2 
9 
9 
16 
20 


55.00 to 57.49 


9 


42.50 to 44.99 


57.50 to 59.99 


18 


45.00 to 47.49 


60.00 to 62.49 


g 


47.50 to 49.99 


62.50 to 64. 99... . 




50.00 to 52.49 


65.00 to 67. -iO 


3 


62.50 to 54.99 


Above 67.50. 


2 









D. TOTAL EXPENSES OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. (See Table 24, column 13.) 



Below 65.00 


3 



9 

11 

16 


75.00 to 77. 49 


24 


65.00 to 67.49 


77.50 to 79.99 


22 


67.50 to 69.99 


80.00 to 82.49 


10 


70.00 to 72.49 


82.50 to 84.99 


4 


72.50 to 74.99 


85.00 to 87. 49... 











20929°— 12- 



18 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



Table 4. — Distribution of percentages of total school expenses expended for various 

purposes — Continued. 

E. SALARIES OF SECONDARY TEACHERS. (See Table 25, column 1.) 



Per cent of total school expenses. 


Number 

of 

cities. 


Per cent of total school expenses. 


Number 

of 

cities. 


Below 6.00 


2 

7 

18 

26 


12.00 to 13.99 


20 


6.00 to 7.99 


14.00 to 15.99 


17 


8.00 to 9.99 


16.00 to 17.99 


9 


10.00 to 11.99 


18.00 


3 









F. TOTAL EXPENSES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS. (See Table 25, column 13.) 



7.50 to 9.99 


8 

14 
22 
21 


17.50 to 19.99 


21 


10.00 to 12.49 


20.00 to 22.49 


8 


12.50 to 14.99 


22.50 to 24.99 


7 


15.00 to 17.49 


25.00 to 27.60 


2 









G. SALARIES OF TEACHERS OP ALL SCHOOLS. (See Table 27, column 1.) 



52.5 to 54.9 


1 

4 

1 

10 

14 

17 


67.5 to 69.9 


22 


55.0 to 57.4 


70.0 to 72.4 


17 


57.5 to 59.9 


72.5 to 74.9 


11 


60.0 to 62.4 


75.0 to 77. 4 


2 


62.5 to 64.9 


77.5 to 80.0 


2 


65.0 to 67.4. 


Above 80.0 


2 









H. SUPERVISION OF ALL SCHOOLS. (See Table 27, column 2.) 



Less than 1.00 


15 

24 

18 

5 

5 
4 


6.00 to 6.99 


2 


1.00 to 1.99 


7.00 to 7.99 


2 


2.00 to 2.99 


8.00 to 8.99 


2 


3.00 to 3.99 


9.00 to 9.99 


3 


4.00 to 4.99 


10.00 and over 


5 


5.00 to 5.99 











I. TEXT-BOOKS, STATIONERY, AND SCHOOL SUPPLIES OF ALL SCHOOLS. 

27, column 3.) 



(See Table 



Less than 1.00 


9 

17 
17 
17 
12 


5.00 to 5.99 


14 


1.00 to 1.99 


6.00 to 6.99 


g 


2.00 to 2.99 


7.00 to 7.99 


5 


3.00 to 3.99 


8.00 to 8.99 


1 


4.00 to 4.99 


9.00 to 9.99 


1 









J. FUEL FOR ALL SCHOOLS. (See Table 27, column 5.) 



Less than 1.00 


5 
12 
22 
26 

18 


5.00 to 5.99 


13 


1.00 to 1.99 


6.00 to 6.99 


1 


2.00 to 2,99 


7.00 to 7.99 


3 


3.00 to 3.99 


8.00 to 8.99 


1 


4.00 to 4.99 











K. INSTRUCTION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF ALL SCHOOLS. 

column 13.) 



(See Table 27, 



Below 84 no 


1 
2 
1 
3 

7 


92.00 to 93.99 


28 


84.00 to 85.99 


94.00 to 95.99 


46 


86.00 to 87.99 


96.00 to 97.99. . 


14 


88.00 to 89.99. . . 


98.00 to 100.00 


1 


90.00 to 91.99 











PKINCIPAL, ITEMS OF EXPENSE. 19 

COMPAKISON OF PERCENTAGES OF EXPENSES BETWEEN GROUPS OF 

CITIES. 

It is not within the scope of this study to present elaborate com- 
parisons between the various groups of cities respecting the differ- 
ences in the percentages expended for various purposes, although 
the material for such comparison is furnished. It will doubtless 
prove of practical assistance, however, to administrators of public 
education to point out certain differences between the cities in this 
respect. For this purpose the medians alone may be taken, or the 
medians supplemented by the upper and lower limits of the middle 
50 per cent. 

The following conclusions relating to the differences in the distribu- 
tion of the expenses in different sized cities seem to be established. 
The second group presents in many cases, however, an exception to 
the general rule. 

(1) The larger the city the greater is the proportion of expenses 
incurred for — 

(a) Salaries of elementary school teachers. 

(&) Total cost of instruction, operation, and maintenance of ele- 
mentary schools. 

(c) Total cost of instruction, operation, and maintenance of aU 
schools. 

(2) The smaller the city the greater is the proportion of expenses 
incurred for — 

(a) Superintendent's office. 

(h) Total expense of general control. 

(c) Supervisors of elementary schools. 

(cZ) Salaries of teachers in secondary schools. 

(e) Total cost of instruction, operation, and maintenance of 
secondary schools. 

(/) Janitors, engineers, and firemen for elementary, secondary, and 
aU schools. 

(g) Fuel for elementary, secondary, and all schools. 

(h) Repairs for elementary schools and all schools.' 

THE AVERAGE COSTS PER PUPIL FOR CERTAIN PRINCIPAL ITEMS OF 

EXPENSE. 

This group contains two tables, 29 and 30. They correspond to the 
basal and percentage tables that deal with the expenses of elementary 
and secondary schools (Tables 17 and 18, 24 and 25). The tables are 
identical in form with the corresponding percentage tables. The 
average costs are based on enrollment.^ While this is not the best 

• The (inrollment figures may be found in Table 32; also the closing date of the fiscal year for each city. 



20 EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 

unit for measuring costs of school systems, it is the best that was avail- 
able. It is not likely, however, that the relative costs are materially 
different from what they would be if a different attendance unit 
had been used. Average daily attendance has come to be generally 
recognized as the best unit, although it has its limitations. While the 
percentage tables emphasize the expenses of a school system as a 
whole and the proportion of the total devoted to the costs of the 
various objects of expenditures, the average cost tables emphasize 
the individual items of expense and the economical expenditure of the 
same. In the former each item exists as a part of a whole and the 
total of the percentages for each city equals 100 per cent. In the 
latter, each kind of expense is measured by itself. 

Cities whose fiscal years ended before December, 1909, are not 
included in these tables for the reason that it did not seem proper 
in computing the average costs to divide the expenses for the year 
ended previous to December 1 by the enrollment for the school year 
1908-9. Neither did it seem permissible to compare average cost of 
certain cities for 1908, which might have been obtained for the cities 
in question by using the enrollment figures for 1907-8 with the average 
cost of the cities for 1908-9. It therefore seemed necessary to omit 
these cities altogether. 

Caution regarding the use of average cost tables. — One danger in 
using average costs deserves attention. If a city has a low average 
cost for any particular purpose as compared with other cities, the 
natural tendency is to say at once without reference to other items of 
expense that the amount expended for that purpose should be increased 
up to the normal amount for cities of that same class. Take the 
average amount per pupil expended for salaries of teachers in the 
elementary schools of Baltimore — $13.75. The table shows that this 
is the lowest average cost for this purpose of all cities in the group. 
Those who are interested in this one item might very likely go no 
further in their study of school expenses, but would conclude at once 
that a clear case had been made out in favor of increasing the amount 
paid teachers in elementary schools as much as $6.41 per pupil, in 
which circumstance the amount expended would be the median or 
average cost for the group. 

But those who have the administration of schools in charge must 
look to all items of expense and must maintain a proper balance 
between them. The percentage tables furnish the data for ascer- 
taining this balance and all consideration of the increase in the aver- 
age cost of any item of expense must be considered in the light of its 
effect upon the correct balance between all items of expense as deter- 
mined by an analysis of the percentage tables in accordance with the 
method suggested in the previous section. Continuing with the 
example referred to in the paragraph above, the percentage tables 



PEINCIPAL, ITEMS OF EXPENSE. 21 

tell US that the proportion of school moneys paid to the elementary 
teachers of Baltimore is much larger than the median amount for 
cities of the same group, and that 8 of the 13 cities devote a less per- 
centage to this purpose. 

This does not mean that the salaries should not be raised, for they 
should. The salary schedule for the elementary schools in Baltimore 
is among the lowest of all the largest cities in the country. But it 
does mean that there are other features of the operation and main- 
tenance of the schools of Baltimore which must not be overlooked. 

The items that should receive the greatest attention in such a 
balancing between expenditures are those which are lowest or highest 
comparatively in relation to the percentages of other cities. Balti- 
more percentages for supervision and for wages of janitors are the 
lowest for all the cities. Admitting that the salaries of elementary 
teachers are too low, is it in this item that the increased expenditures 
are needed most in order to bring about the maintenance of the best 
school system, and in order to recompense all who are serving it in a 
manner which most nearly approaches equitable amounts ? As deter- 
mined by the standard set by cities of the same class the answer is 
"No." Baltimore needs to spend more money for supervision before 
spending more money for teachers in order to have the best balanced 
system, and should in equity pay more to her janitors before increasing 
the salaries of her teachers. But the need for increasing the salaries of 
teachers from the absolute point of view is certainly clear; the figures 
merely prove that the items of supervision and wages of janitors need 
it more. The final conclusion of the whole matter is that Baltimore 
in order to put her school system on a plane of efficiency as high as 
other cities must increase her income for schools up to the point where 
normal expenditures may be made for all these purposes. 

The conclusion of all this discussion is that action should never be 
based on a comparison of average costs alone, and that the percentage 
tables furnish a proper corrective. The ideal is to keep total average 
costs and percentages of total expenses as near the median as possible, 
and within the limit of the middle 50 per cent, making due allowance 
for local conditions which may rightfully cause extreme variations. 

Average cost per pupil for school purposes also has very direct 
relations with the average cost per population (ratio of school expense 
to population) and the ratio of school expenses to expenses of the city 
as a whole. 

METHOD OF USING THE AVERAGE-COST TABLES. 

These average-cost tables may be used in the same way as the 
percentage tables. Data relating to average cost may be gathered 
and illustrated according to the methods presented in the discussion 
of the percentage item. The average cost in one city for any one 



22 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



kind of expenses may be compared with the average costs of other 
cities in the same group by noting its relation to the median and the 
middle 50 per cent. (See p. 62.) A logical outcome of such a com- 
parison is the estimation of the amount of increased resources that 
would be required to bring an expense in any city up to the median, 
or vice versa, of the amount that would have to be deducted in order 
to bring the expense down to the median. This may be done by 
obtaining the difference between the median average cost of the city 
and multiplying it by the number of pupils enrolled. (See Table 32.) 
As an example, let us continue the discussion of the average cost of 
salaries of elementary teachers in Baltimore. The average cost per 
pupil for this purpose was $13.95, while the median average cost for 
the group was $20.36. The difference, $6.41, multiphed by the 
enrollment — 76,500, approximately — ogives close to $500,000 as the 
additional amount required to bring Baltimore's expenses up to the 
median of the cities of Group I. 

Comparison of all average costs may be carried out by the method 
shown on p. 17 for percentages of total expenses. The accompanying 
table, which brings together all the facts relating to average costs of 
the elementary schools of Baltimore, is given as an illustration of a 
variation of the method suggested in connection with percentages. 
The computations given have been performed roughly in order that the 
method might be the more clearly apprehended. 

Table 5 gives a comparison of average costs of different kinds of 
expenses of elementary schools in Baltimore with median expenses of 
Group I, together with computation of amounts necessary to bring 
Baltimore's expenses up to the standard of other cities. The enroll- 
ment is figured as 76,500 in every item.^ 

Table 5. — Comparison oj school expenses of Baltimore with those of other cities. 



Items. 



Median 
average 
costs, all 
cities in 
Group I. 



Baltimore's 
average 

costs. 



Differences. 



Increased 
expense 
required. 



Total expenses. 



6.54 



$18.71 



$7.83 



$600,000 



Salaries, teachers' 

Supervision 

Janitors', engineers', etc., salaries 

Janitors' supplies and sundry expenses of maintenance 

and operation 

Libraries 

Apparatus and manual training equipment 

Repairs and replacement of equipment 



20.36 
.365 
1.73 

.37 
.05 
.09 
.20 



13.95 

.04 

1.32 

Trace. 
.00 
.03 
.14 



6.41 
.325 
.41 

.37 
.05 
.06 
.06 



500,000 
25,000 
34,000 

28,000 
4,000 
4,500 
4,500 



1 This table was prepared by the author for the Commission appointed to study the system of education in 
the public schools of Baltimore and appeared in report upon p. 42. 

Comparison of any average cost of any city with the average costs 
of all cities by use of the tables of frequencies and accompanying 
diagram may be made in the same way as in the case of percentages. 
(See p. 17.) Tables of frequencies for the most important average 
costs follow. 



PRINCIPAL ITEMS OP EXPENSE. 



23 



Table 6. — Distribution of average costs, per pupil enrolled, of various expenses involved 
in the instruction, operation, and maintenance of elementary schools. (See Table 29.) 



A. SALARIES OF TEACHERS. 





Cities of— 


Average costs. 


Group I. 


Group II. 


Group III. 


Group IV. 


All 
cities. 


$8-«8.99 








1 




$9-89.99 










$10-$10.99 




1 


1 
1 
2 
4 
5 
2 
4 
1 
1 
2 
1 
2 
1 


2 


4 


$11-$11.99 




1 


$12-812.99 




1 


3 
2 
3 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 





$13-S13.99 


1 


7 


?14-$14.99 


1 

X 

2 
2 
3 
2 
1 


10 


S15-S15.99 


4 


$1&-S:16.99 




7 


$17-S17.99 






$18-$18.99 


i 





$19-$19.99 


6 


$20-$20.99 


4 
2 


6 


$21-S21.99 




4 


S22-$22.99 






1 


$23-S23.99 










$24-S24.99 




1 






1 


$25-$25.99 










$20-$27 


1 








1 






1 





B. SUPERVISION. 



Below $0.20 


2 
2 
2 


3 
3 
1 
1 


2 
7 
2 
3 


1 

7 
1 
2 


8 


$0.20-$0.39 


19 


$0.40-$0.59 


6 


$0.60-$0.79 


6 


80.80-$0.99 






$1-$1 .19 


1 




2 


1 


4 


$1.20-$1.39 






$1.40-81.59 




1 




1 


2 


$1.60-81.79 








$1.80-81.99... 


1 






1 


2 


$2-$2.19 




1 
1 
1 


1 


$2.20-82.39 








1 


$2.40-82.59.. 








1 


$2.60-82.79 




1 




1 


$2.80-82.99 










$3-$3.20 






1 




1 













C. TEXTBOOKS, STATIONERY, AND GENERAL SUPPLIES. 



Below 80.20 . 
$0.20-80.39.. 
$0.40-80.59.. 
$0.60-80.79.. 
$0.80-80.99.. 

$1-81.19 

81.20-81.39.. 
$1.40-$1.59.. 
$1.60-81.79.. 
$1.80-81.99.. 
$2-82.20 



D. SALARIES OF JANITORS, ENGINEERS, AND FIREMEN. 



80.40-80.50. 
$0.60-80.70. 
$0.80-80.99 . 
$1-81.19... 
$1.20-81.39. 
81.40-81.59. 
$1.60-81.79. 
$1.80-81.99. 
$2-$2.19 . . . 
$2.20-82.39. 
$2.40-82.59. 
$2.60-82.79. 
82.80-82.99. 
$3-83.19... 
$3 20-$3.40. 



24 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



Table G.— Distribution of average costs, per pupil enrolled, of various expenses involved 
in the instruction, operation, and maintenance of elementary schools — Continued. 

E. FUEL. 





Cities of— 


Average costs. 


Group I. 


Group II. 


Group III. 


Group IV. 


All 
cities. 


Below $0.20 








1 
1 
3 
2 
3 
1 
2 
2 
1 


1 


SO.20-30.39 


2 
1 
4 
2 


4 
2 
1 
1 
2 
3 
2 


3 
4 
6 
8 
3 


10 


S0.40-S0.59 




$0.60-S0.79 




$0.80-.$0.99.. . 


14 


$1-$1 .19 


g 


S1.20-S1.39 


1 


6 


$l.40-$1.59. . . 


1 
2 


5 


S1.C0-S1.80 




3 











F. REPAIRS OF BUILDINGS. 



40-SO 
60-$0 



-SI .19 

20-Sl. 
40-$l, 
GO-SI, 
80-Sl. 
-S2.19 
20-S2, 
40-$2, 
60-$2, 



-$3.19 
,20-S3. 
.40-S3. 



TOTAL EXPENSE OF INSTRUCTION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF ELE- 
MENTARY SCHOOLS. 



Sll-Sll. 
S12-$12, 
S13-S13, 



S15-S1S. 
816-S16. 
S17-S17, 
S18-S18, 
S19-S19- 
S20-S20, 
$21-S21, 
S22-S22, 
S23-S23, 
$24-$24, 
S25-S2.5, 
S26-S2C, 
S27-S27, 
S28-S28, 
S29-S29, 
S30-$30, 
$31-S31, 

$33-S34 



.99 




.99 




.99 




.99 




.99 




.99 




.99 




.99 





PRINCIPAL ITEMS OP EXPENSE. 



25 



Table 7. — Distribution of average costs, per pupil enrolled, of various expenses involved 
in the instruction, operation, and maintenance of secondary schools. (See Table SO.) 



A. SALARIES OF TEACHERS. 



$2(>-.?22.49. . . . 
S22.5{)-$24.99. 
$25-$27.49.... 
$27.50-$29.99. 
l30-$32.49.... 
$32.50-834.99 . 
$35-837.49. . . . 
$37.50-$39.99. 
$40-$42.49.... 
$42.5(>-$44.99. 
$45-147.49... . 
$47.50-$49.99 . 



$52.50-$54. 99. 
$55-$57.49. . . . 
$57.50-$59.99., 
S60-$62.49.... 
$62.50-$64.99 . 
$65-$67.49. . . . 
$67.5()-$70.00. 



Average costs. 



Cities of- 



Group I. 



Group II. 



Group III. 



Group IV. 



All 
cities. 



B. TEXTBOOKS, STATIONERY, AND GENERAL SCHOOL SUPPLIES. 



49. 



$0 
$0.5(>-$0.99 . 

$1-$1.49 

81.50-$1.99.. 

$2-«2.49 

$2.50-$2.99.. 

$3-$3.49 

$3.50-$3.99.- 

$4-$4.49 

$4.50-$4.99 . . 

$5-$5.49 

$S.50-$5.99.. 
$6 and over . 



C. SALARIES OF JANITORS, ENGINEERS, AND FIREMEN. 



$1-$1.24 

$1. 25-81.49.. 
81.50-81.74.. 
81.75-81.99.. 

$2-82.24 

$2.2.5-82.49.. 
$2.50-82.74.. 
82.75-82.99.. 

83-83.24 

$3.25-83.49.. 
83.50-83.74.. 
$3.75-83.99.. 

$4r-84.24 

$4.25-84.49 . . 
$4,50-$4.74.. 
$4.75-84.99.. 

$5-85.24 

85.25-85.49 . . 
$5.50-85.74. . 
$5.75-$5.99 . . 
$6 and over. 



26 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



Table 7. — Distribution of average costs, per pupil enrolled, of various expenses involved 
in the instruction, operation, and maintenance of secondary schools — Continued. 



Cities of- 



Average costs. 


Grouj) I. 


Group II. 


Group III. 


Group IV. 


All 
cities. 


i 
Below $0.20 ' 


1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
1 






1 


$0.2O-$0.39 


1 


1 
3 
2 
2 
2 


3 
2 
3 

1 
1 
1 




3 


$0.40-80.59 


- 


G 


$0.00-.S0.79 


1 
2 

1 


4 


$0.80-80.99 . . . 


1 
2 
1 

2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 


Q 


$1-$1.19 


7 


$1 .20-81.39 


9 


Sl.40-$1.59. 


2 
2 


8 


$1.00-31.79 


$1.80-81.99 


1 
1 
1 


5 


$2-$2.19 




3 


82.20-S2.39 


1 


4 


$2.40-$2.59 


2 


82.00-82.79 








82.80-82.99 
















1 




2 


3 











E. REPAIRS TO BUILDINGS. 



80.25-80.49 






2 
3 
1 
2 

4 


1 
1 
1 
3 


3 


$0.50-50.74 




1 
1 

1 
1 

2 
2 

1 
1 
2 


5 


$0.75-80.99 




3 


$1-81.24 


1 


7 


$1.25-81.49 


5 


$1.50-$1.74 




2 


4 


S*! 75-$1.99.. . 






2 


$2-82.24 




3 


1 
2 
1 


c 


$2.25-$2.49 


5 


$2.50-82.74 


5 


$2 75-82.99. . 


1 


$3-83 24 








1 


$3.25-83.49 








1 


83.50-83.74 








2 


$3.75-83.99 








$4-84.24 






1 




1 


$4.25-84.49 










$4.50-84.74 


i 








1 


$4 75-84.99 . . 


i 


3 




2 






1 


4 











r. TOTAL EXPENSE OF INSTRUCTION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE. 



L99. 
$3i>-$39.99. 



$45-849.99. 
$50-854.99. 
855-859.99. 
860-864.99. 
$&5-869.99. 
870-879.99. 
880-889.99. 
$90-$100. . . 



SCHOOL EXPENSES COMPAEED WITH POPTTLATTON, ETC, 27 

The following conclusions are based on comparisons of the average 
costs of the same kinds of expenses in the different groups of cities: 

1. The larger the city the greater the average cost per pupil 

enrolled of — 

(a) Total cost of instruction, operation, and maintenance of 
elementary schools. 

(b) Salaries of elementary-school teachers. 

(c) Janitors of elementary schools. 

(d) Repairs of elementary schools. 

(e) Total cost of instruction, operation, and maintenance of 
secondary schools, 

(/) Salaries of secondary-school teachers. 
(g) Janitors of secondary schools. 
(h) Repairs of secondary schools, 

2. There is no apparent tendency in the variation of the average 

cost of — 

(a) Textbooks, stationery, and general school supplies of 
elementary schools. 

(b) Fuel of elementary and secondary schools. 

TOTAL SCHOOL EXPENSES AS COMPARED WITH POPULATION, TOTAL 
CITY EXPENSES, AND EXPENSES OF POLICE DEPARTMENT. 

Table 31 gives a comparison of the total expenses of schools (1) 
with the population, (2) with the total city expenses, (3) with the 
expenses of the police department. 

The total city expenses and the expenses of the police department 
have been obtained from Table 4 of Special Reports of the Bureau of 
the Census: Statistics of cities, 1908 (pp. 116-163). The population 
figures were obtained from the same source (pp. 343-345). The 
expenses of schools are the same as in the first column of Table 16. 

Comparison of cities of the same group. — Each of the three items 
expressing comparative values — expenses of schools per capita of 
population,^ ratio of total school expenses to city expenses, and ratio 
of total school expenses to expenses of the police department — may 
be used in the same way in making comparisons. A rough comparison 
may be made by noting their respective ranks and the relation of 
the rank of each to the ranl^ of the median and of the limits of 
the middle 50 per cent. This comparison may be made more accu- 
rately and more impressively by the preparation of diagrams. Balti- 
more is agaia taken as the city with which to illustrate this method of 
comparison. 

1 Largely for the sake of convenience the cost per capita, expressed as an abstract number, is here- 
after referred to also as the ratio of school expenses to population. 



28 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



The revised estimates of population in June, 1908, as made by the 
Census Office, have been used ia making this computation. This 
estimate for Baltimore is 549,017. 



1.00 



2.00 



RATIO 
3.00 4.00 



5.t)0 B.OO 7.00 
















































































































































CHICAGO 
ST. LOUIS 
CLEVELAND 

BALTIMORE 

DETROIT 

BUFFALO 

SAN FRANCISCO 

MILWAUKEE 

NEWARK 

NEW ORLEANS 
WASHINGTON 

LOS ANGELES 
MINNEAPOLIS 



Fig. 2.— Ratio of school expenses to population in cities of Group I. 

These ratios may also be read as cost per capita of population. 
For example, the cost per capita of population of all school expenses 
in Detroit was $4.^ A comparison of the relative amounts of school 
expenses and of total city expenses in these 13 cities shows that 
Detroit expended for school purposes a larger percentage of the total 
city expenses than 8 cities and a smaller percentage than 4. The 
median or average percentage was 25.9; Detroit's percentage was 
28. In other words, in the average, or normal city, 25.9 cents out of 
every dollar expended for all municipal purposes went for schools, 
while in Detroit 28 cents were so expended. The following diagram 
presents these facts : 

1 These ratios may also be read as the number of cents in each dollar 
of city expenses that was expended for schools. For example, San 
Francisco expended 20 cents out of every dollar of city expenses upon 
its schools.^ A comparison of expenses for schools and for police m 
these 13 cities shows that 1 city spent a smaller relative amount for 
schools than St. Louis, while 11 cities were relatively more liberal. 
For every dollar spent for police, St. Louis spent only $1.41 for 



1 Figures 2, 3, and 4 were prepared for the report of the Commission appointed to study the system of educa- 
tion in the public schools of Baltimore, pp. 34-36. 



SCHOOL BXPEISrSES COMPAKED WITH POPULATION, ETC. 



29 



schools, while the median or average city spent $2.12. The following 
diagram presents the facts : 

RATIO 



.10 



.20 



.30 



.40 



CHICAGO 
ST. LOUIS 
CLEVELAND 

BALTIMORE 

DETROIT 

BUFFALO 

SAN FRANCISCO 

MILWAUKEE 

NEWARK 

NEW ORLEANS 
WASHINGTON 

LOS ANGELES 
MINNEAPOLIS 

ALL CITIES 



Fig. 3.— Ratio of school expenses to total city expenses in cities of Group I. 
RATIO 
1-00 2.00 3.00 4.00 



































































""""" 






















































































■m 



CHICAGO 
ST. LOUIS 

CLEVELAND 
BALTIMORE 

DETROIT 
BUFFALO 

SAN FRANCISCO 
MILWAUKEE 

NEWARK 
NEW ORLEANS 

WASHINGTON 
LOS ANGELES 

MINNEAPOLIS 
ALL CITIES 



JTiG. 4. — Ratio of school expenses to expenses for police in cities of Group I. 

These ratios may be read as number of dollars spent for schools for 
each dollar that was spent for police. For example, Baltimore 
expended one dollar and fifty cents upon its schools for every dollar 
spent for police.^ 

1 Figures 2, 3, and 4 were prepared for the report of the Commission appointed to study the system of educa- 
tion in tlie public schools of Baltimore, pp. 34-36. 



30 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



In order that a comparison of any city with those of the same 
group or with all may be facilitated the following tables of frequen- 
cies have been prepared : 

Table 8. — Distribution oj ratios oj total school ex])enses to population. {See Table 31.) 



Katio. 


Number of cities. 


Group I. 


Group II. 


Group III. 


Group IV. 


Total. 


1.50 to 1.99 


1 


3 

2 
3 
10 
8 
6 
5 
1 
2 
2 




3 


2.00 to 2.49 




2 
5 
4 
6 
6 
2 
3 


4 


2.50 to 2.99 


1 
1 
2 
3 
4 


3 


12 


3.00 to 3.49 


15 


3.50 to 3.99 


4 

7 
3 

2 

1 


20 


4.00 to 4.49 


22 


4.50 to 4.99 


14 


5.00 to 5.49 


6 


5.50 to 5.99 




3 


6.00 to 6.49 


2 




4 











Table 9. — Distribution oj ratios oJ school expenses to total city expenses. {See Table 31.) 



Ratio. 


Number of cities. 


Group I. 


Group II. 


Group III. 


Group TX. 


Total. 


.15 to .199 






3 
2 
3 

11 
6 

10 
7 


1 

2 
1 
7 
7 
4 
3 
3 


4 


.20 to .249 


5 
4 
2 
2 


2 

2 
8 
4 
3 

1 


11 


.25 to .299 


10 


.30 to .349 


28 


.35 to .399 


19 


.40 to .449 


17 


.50 to .549 




11 


.55 to .599 




3 













Table 10. — Distribution oj ratios oj school expenses to expenses jor police. {See Table 31 . ) 



Ratio. 


Number of cities. 


Group I. 


Group II. 


Group III. 


Group IV. 


Total. 


1.00 to 1.49 


3 
3 
2 
3 

1 




4 


1 
2 
2 
1 
4 
2 
3 
3 
3 
1 
4 


8 


1.50 to 1.99 


3 
3 
4 
5 

1 
1 
1 


8 


2.00 to 2.49 


6 
6 
6 
6 

4 
4 
2 
1 
1 


13 


2.50 to 2.99 


14 


3.00 to 3.49 


16 


3.50 to 3.99 .... 


9 


4.00 to 4.49 


1 


9 


4.50 to 4.99 


8 


5.00 to 5.49 . 




5 


5.50to5.99 ... 






2 


6.00 to 6.49 




1 


6 


6.50 to 6.99 .... 






7.00 to 7.49 




1 


2 




3 


7.50 to 7.99 




1 

1 


1 


8.00 to 8.49 








1 













SCHOOL EXPENSES COMPAEED WITH POPULATION, ETC. 



31 



The following diagrams represent graphically the facts in the 
above tables relating to (1) ratio of school expenses to population in 
all cities; (2) ratio of school expenses to total city expenses in all 
cities; (3) ratio of school expenses to expenses for police in all cities. 
The lines are drawn to represent the middle point in each step of the 



.00 



RATIO 
3.00 4.00 



6.00 



ii rwifiTirn IIMIM1 miiMiH nawnni wMTwrii nm 

■ ^IH ^^ ^^ ^BB BBOB BBan ^^ ■BBH ■■■■ B» 



s 

4 
12 
(5 

S ^° 
O 22 

14 

3 

3 

« 



Fig. 5.— Frequencies of various ratios of school expenses to population in all cities. These ratios may 
be read as cost per capita of population. 



* 
II 

10 

CO 28 

bl 

F 

Q 19 

IT 

II 



RATIO 

3.0O 



Fig. 6.— Frequencies of various ratios of school expenses to total city expenses in all cities. These ratios 
may be read as the number of cents in each dollar of city expenses there was expended for schools. 

list of ratios. Thus, in the first table mentioned the first line is 
drawn to represent $1.75 as the middle point between $1.50 and 
$1.99. 



32 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



I..00 


2.00 


3,00 


RATIO 
4.00 


6.00 


e.oo 


7.00 


aoo 




























"" 












, 







___ 


















*" 




-rmrj 













■MB 


^^ 








^^ 


^^^^^ 


1 
















































^"" 


mm 














"^ 




^Hl 


"^ 


^ 






























^ ' 








_U_L 




""^ 




























^"^ 















































Fig. 7.— Frequencies of various ratios of school expenses to expenses for police in all cities. These ratios 
may be read as the number of dollars spent for schools for each dollar spent for police. 

By the use of Figure 8 the place of any city in. such diagrams as 
are given above can be readily found. As the lines represent the 
middle amounts in each step of the distribution in the table of fre- 
quencies, it is well to give the exact amount for the city in question. 

RATIO 



1. 125 



2.25 



3.25 



4.25 



5.25 



6.25 



2 

5 

10 



CO 


a 


LU 




H 




Q 


6 




6 




I 



■ 




<- 


-^m yn 


X/ncA£y<^ 


vIl-R. 








































































• 






1 


i — 



Fig. 8.— Ratio of total school expenses to population of cities in Group III and relation of ratio of Man- 
chester, N. H., to those of all other ratios. 



SCHOOL EXPENSES COMPAEED WITH POPULATION, ETC. 



33 



A comparison of the three ratios for each of the various cities 
reveals a tendency of cities to maintain the same relationship to 
other cities in all three respects. 

The two tables given below (Tables 11 and 12) bring together 
certain facts relating to the cities at the lower and upper ends of 
the distribution of the three ratios in Table 31. The first table 
assembles the facts relating to the ranks and the second is based 
upon it, giving instead of the ranks the location of each city as 
regards the quartiles in the distribution. 

Table 11. — Showing for those cities which are included in the lowest and highest quar- 
tiles of the distribution of ratios of school expenses to population (cost per capita) in 
each group, the rank of the same cities as regards ratio of school expenses to total city 
expenses, and ratio of school expenses to expenses for police. (See Table 31.) 





Rank. 


Cities in highest quartile. 


Rank. 


Cities in lowest quartile. 


Ratio of 
school 

ex- 
penses 

to 

popular 

tion. 


Ratio of 
school 

ex- 
penses 
to total 
city ex- 
penses. 


Ratio of 
school 

ex- 
penses 
to ex- 
penses 

for 
police. 


Ratio of 
school 

ex- 
penses 

to 
popula- 
tion. 


Ratio of 

school 

ex- 
penses 
to total 
city ex- 
penses. 


Ratio of 
school 

ex- 
penses 
to ex- 
penses 

for 
police. 


Group 1—13 cities. 
New Orleans, La . 


1 
2 
3 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 

1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 

7 


2 
5 
6 

1 
5 
2 
7 
3 

3 

1 
5 
2 
4 
16 
14 
11 
24 
18 
28 

2 

1 

13 

4 

8 

16 

20 


12 
3 

8 

2 
7 
4 
8 
4 

2 
3 

1 

it 
10 

6 
18 
31 

7 
33 

1 
4 
5 
6 

10 
3 

16 


Group 1—13 cities. 

Washington, D. C 

Newaxk, N. J 


13 
12 
11 

20 
19 
18 
17 
16 

40 
39 
38 
37 
36 
35 
34 
33 
32 
31 

27 
27 
26 
25 
24 
23 
22 


8 
10 
13 

19 
10 
18 
9 
13 

20 
38 
37 
15 
22 
35 
19 
29 
13 
6 

24 
17 
19 
27 

5 
24 

7 


6 


Haltimnrp, Mfl. . . 


9 


Milwaukee, Wis 


MinneapoUs, Minn 

Group 11—20 cities. 
Spokane, Wash 


13 


Group 11—20 cities. 
Mftmphis, Tenn 


20 


Na-shville, Tpnn 


Oakland, Gal .. 


14 


RirminghRTn, A)f|. ,.. 


Grand Rapids, Mich 

Cambridge, Mass 


18 


St. Paul, Minn 


11 


Albany,N.Y 


Omaha, Nebr 


17 


Group III— 43 cities. 
Jacksonville , Fla 


Group III—4S cities. 
Springfield, Mass 


30 


Charleston, S. C... 


Des Moines, Iowa 

Bayonne, N. J 


39 


Savannah, Oa . . 


26 


Norfolk, Va 


Hartford, Conn 


20 


Manchester, N. H 


Tacoma, Wash. . . . 


34 


Covington, Ky 




37 


Wilmingfnn, Del 


Brocton, Mass 


25 


Dallas, Tex.'. 


Camden, N. J 


15 


Reading, Pa 


Holyoke, Mass 


23 


Elizabeth, N. J.. . 


Portland, Me 


16 


Wichita, Kans 


Group IV— 28 cities. 
Davenport, Iowa 




Group IV— 28 cities. 
Chattanooga, Tenn 


15 


KnoTTvillp^TpTin 


Maiden, Mass 


17 


Newport, iCy 


Sacramento, Cal 


10 


Woonsocket, R. I 


Topeka, Kans 


28 


Dubuque, Iowa 


Pueblo, Colo 


12 


Little Rock, Ark . . 


Sioux City, Iowa 


20 


Lancaster, Pa 




15 









20929°— 12- 



34 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



Table 12. — Showing for those cities which lie in tlie lowest and highest quartiles in the 
distribution of ratio of school expenses to population (cost per capita) in each group, the 
number of cases in which their ratios of school expenses to city expenses and of school 
expenses to expenses of police fall in each of the four quxirtiles of those distributions. (See 
Table SI.) 

I. CITIES WHOSE COSTS PER CAPITA LIE IN THE LOWEST OR FIRST QUARTILE OF 
RATIO OF SCHOOL EXPENSES TO POPULATION. 





Num- 
ber of 
cities. 


Ratio of school expenses to total 
city expenses. 


Ratio of school expenses to police 
expenses. 


Cities of— 


Furst 
quar- 
ter. 


Second 
quar- 
ter. 


Third 
quar- 
ter. 


Fourth 
quar- 
ter. 


First 
quar- 
ter. 


Second 
quar- 
ter. 


Third 
quar- 
ter. 


Fourth 
quar- 
ter. 


Group I 


3 
5 
11 

7 


1 
4 
6 
3 


2 
1 
3 
2 






1 
3 

7 
5 


2 

2 
1 


2 




Group II 








Group III 


2 
2 




2 
1 




Group IV 








Total 


26 


14 


8 


4 




16 


5 


5 









II. CITIES WHOSE COSTS PER CAPITA LIE IN THE HIGHEST OR FOURTH QUARTILE 
OF RATIO OF SCHOOL EXPENSES TO POPULATION. 



Group I. ., 
Group II . . 
Group III. 
Group IV. 



Total. 



3 




1 


1 


1 




1 


1 


5 
10 






2 
2 


3 
3 






2 

4 


1 


4 




3 


7 


2 




2 


3 




2 


4 


25 


3 


5 


7 


10 




6 


11 



These tables indicate that cities which give low amounts per capita 
to schools do not generally reduce correspondingly the costs of their 
municipal governments in general and of their police departments so 
that the ratio of school expenses to these expenses will be main- 
tained near the median, and that cities which pay large amounts per 
capita for schools do not as a rule maintain their city governments at 
such a high rate of expense as to bring the ratio of school expenses to 
total city expenses and of school expenses to pohce down near the 
median. In other words, expenses for schools and other city expenses 
are largely dissociated. Those considerations which prompt a cutting 
down in school expenses do not produce reductions in city expenses, 
and increases in school expenses do not cause augmentation in amounts 
spent for other purposes. 

This may be due in part to the separation in many cities of the 
organs of local government for education and for other civil purposes. 
While the problem can not be entered upon in this study there seems 
to be a tendency in favor of cities with departments of education 
making low appropriations for school purposes without paring down 
other expenses; while those cities in which the schools are under 
the control of independent districts spend relatively large amounts 
for educational purposes. The wisdom or unwisdom of either form 
of administration can not be discussed here. It may be said in 
passing, however, that one of the most important considerations in 



ELEMENTAEY AND SECONDAKY SCHOOLS. 



35 



this particular matter is the efficiency of the schools in the various 
cities under the two forms of organization. 

Comparison of percentages ly groups. — The following conclusions are 
apparent from an inspection of the median and the limits of the mid- 
dle 50 per cent of each group : 

1. The larger the city the greater is the expense per capita of 
population for maintaining schools. 

2. The larger the city the smaller is the ratio of school expenses 
to total city expenses. 

3. The larger the city the smaller is the ratio of school expenses to 
expenses for the police department. 

From the above it may be drawn that, while expenses for schools 
per capita of population increase with the size of the cities, they do 
not as a rule increase so much as other city expenses. 

Table 13. — Showing Jor each ratio the 5 cities in the entire list oj 103 cities that stand 
lowest and the 5 that stand highest, together with the amounts of the ratios. (See 
Table 31.) 

RATIO OF SCHOOL EXPENSES TO POPULATION. 



Lowest ratios. 


Highest ratios. 


Cities. 


Ratios. 


Cities. 


Ratios. 


Jacksonville, Fla 


1.74 
1.78 
1.94 
2.04 
2.21 


Washuiston, D. C 


6.40 


Charleston, S. C 

Savannah, Ga 


Springfield, Mass 

Newark, N.J 


6.09 
6.02 


Chattanooga, Tenn 


Des Moines, Iowa 


6.01 


Norfolk, Va 


Spokane, Wash 


5.84 









RATIO OF SCHOOL EXPENSES TO TOTAL CITY EXPENSES. 



Savannah, Ga 

Charleston, S. C 

Norfolk, Va 

Jacksonville, Fla. . . 
San Francisco, Gal. 




Joplln, Mo 

Topeka, Kans... 

York, Pa 

Scran ton, Pa 

New Castle, Pa. 



0.530 
.530 
.509 
.498 
.492 



RATIO OF SCHOOL EXPENSES TO EXPENSES FOR POLICE. 



Savannah, Ga 

Jacksonville, Fla. . . 
Charleston, S. C... 

Norfolk, Va 

San Francisco, Cal. 




Topeka, Kans 

Racine, Wis 

Passaic, N. J 

Oklahoma City, Okla. 
Spokane, Wash 



8.04 
7.92 
7.45 
7.23 

7.07 



AVERAGE COST PER PUPIL OF ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY 

SCHOOLS. 

Table 32 makes possible a comparison of the average cost per pupil 
of elementary and secondary schools in each city. It also contains 
the enrollment figures that have been used in all the computations 
of average cost made in this study and the date of the close of the 
fiscal year in each city. 



36 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



The following table of frequencies shows the distribution of the 
ratios of average cost of elementary and secondary schools: 

Tablk 14. — Distribution of ratios of average cost of elementary and secondary schools. 





Ratio. 


Number of cities. 




Group I. 


Group II. 


Group III. i Group IV. 


All. 


1.00 to 1.49 




1 

8 
4 


1 1 
7 8 
10 3 
5 4 

3 

1 


3 


1.50 to 1.99 


2 
5 
1 


25 


2.00 to 2.49 


22 


2.50 to 2.99 


10 


3.00 to 3.49 


2 


5 


3.50 to 3.99 


2 


3 


4.00 to 4.49 




1 


1 


4.50 to 4.99 














i 





RATIO 



1.00 



2.00 



3.00 



4.00 



<■ t I ' I I 1 I I 

.«^^^-^^_— ^_^.« — ^.^^^» .»_^^— ^^^^^__ ._^^_^^^ «...^.^ .-.-^^^M01a M^—^^HHfl 



3 
25 
22 

CO 
UJ 

O 

5 

3 



Fig. 9.— Ratios of average costs per pupil of secondary and elementary schools in all cities. This ratio 
may also be read as the number of dollars expended for secondary schools for each dollar expended for 
elementary schools. 

The following table gives the names of cities in each group that are 
located at the principal points in the distribution of ratios of average 
costs of secondary and elementary schools in each group : 



ELEMENTABY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS. 





T^ o ir 


> -^ o 1 


d 


c 
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CO c 


3 -t' rc 


K 










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M 


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St 


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W i^ ^ w QJ 




^ ^ g « = 




Ph P9 oa pH pH 


d 


O w; -^ OC t^ 


to CO c 


t- ^ 


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<N cq (N (N <N 1 


rt 




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o 






3b EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 

From the above table it may be seen (1) that there is a wide variation 
in the relative average cost of elementary and high schools; (2) that 
no territorial lines or division of cities by population can be drawn in 
making a differentiation between them, each section of the country 
and one State, Pennsylvania, being represented in almost every col- 
umn. The extreme variation in all the cities included is 2.71. The 
extreme variations shown in the table indicate that proper balances 
are not being maintained in the school expenditures of some cities. 
More money in some cases should be spent upon the elementary 
schools; in others less money should be spent upon the high schools. 
The retardation and elimination statistics of such cities as have 
extreme ratios should be carefully studied in tliis connection. For 
instance, Baltimore, which has just been shown spends too little on 
its elementary schools rather than too much on its high schools, has 
a high percentage of retardation and elimination. More money is 
needed in that city for elementary schools, both to maintain its present 
curriculum and to widen the scope of those schools, although the 
expenses of the high schools should not be diminished. (See p. 94.) 
In some cities it would be a far better distribution of public funds to 
take away from high schools having high average cost and high per- 
centage of funds devoted to them and to add the same to the broaden- 
ing of courses in the elementary schools in order to meet the needs of 
those who are backward or who are losing interest in the present 
curriculum. This is true especially if the city has high percentages 
of retardation and elimination. 

The question arises. What is the range of a proper ratio between 
average costs of elementary and high schools ? The table above 
furnishes a tentative answer to the question for each group of cities 
and for all cities taken together. Taken all in all the best answer 
for all cities is. The ratio should lie between 1.80 and 2.60 — a range of 
.80 — with 2.16 as the best representative amount. The two former 
figures are limits of the middle 50 per cent for the entire list of cities 
and any variation below and above these amounts should have 
reasonable justification. 



TOTAL SCHOOL EXPENSES. 



39 



Table 16. — Showing total school expenses and expenses of general control of school sys- 
tems in 103 cities of 30,000 population and over, 1909. 



Cities. 



Grand total 

Group I 

Group II 

Group III 

Group IV 



Total 

school 

expenses. 



856,424,146 



30,447,159 
11,133,770 
10, 687, 807 
4, 155, 410 



Board of 
educa- 
tion. 



405, 734 
53,811 
88,256 
19,095 



Finance 
offices. 



Superin- 
tendent's 
office. 



$336,802 $760,775 



235,291 
30, 554 
44,647 
26,310 



296, 533 
162, 706 
199, 683 
101,853 



Otlier 
overhead 
expenses. 



$296, 917 



184, 177 
51,805 
46,401 
14, 534 



Total for 
general 
control. 



$1,961,390 



1,121,735 
298,876 
378,987 
161, 792 



GROUP I.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 300,000 OR OVER IN 1910. 



Chicago, 111 

St. Louis, Mo 

Cleveland, Ohio . . . 

Baltimore, Md 

Detroit, Mich 

Buflalo, N. Y 

San Francisco, Cal 
Milwaukee, Wis. . . 

Newark, N. J 

New Orleans, La.. 

Washington, D. C. 
Los Angeles, Cal... 
Minneapolis, Minn 



$9,492,789 
2,798,654 
2,374,107 
1,824,823 
1,706,858 

1,607,378 
1,717,249 
1,314,257 
1,944,549 
952,247 

2,055,915 
1,288,852 
1,369,481 



$90,925 

193, 866 

7,032 

20,474 



4,929 
11,959 
19,280 
36,019 



13,369 

4,758 
3,123 



$201,380 
7,609 
8,379 



3,827 



14,096 



$36, 929 
7,000 
63,952 
15,248 
29,922 

13,141 
30,325 
23,541 
21,349 
20,558 

13,750 
11,600 
9,218 



$31,946 

23, 075 

111,347 

3,714 



5,639 



70 

4,466 
3,920 



$361, 180 

231,550 

190,710 

39,436 

29, 922 

118,070 
42, 284 
48,460 
57,368 
24,455 

31,585 
34,374 
12,341 



GROUP II.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 100,000 TO 300,000 IN 1910. 



Jersey City, N. J 

Providence, R. I 

St. Paul, Minn 

Portland, Oreg 

Columbus, Ohio 

Toledo, Ohio 

Oakland, Cal 

Syracuse, N. Y 

New Haven, Coim. . 
Birmingham, Ala. . . 

Memphis, Term 

Scranton, Pa 

Paterson, N.J 

Omaha, Nebr 

Grand Rapids, Mich 

Nashville, Tenn 

Lowell, Mass , 

Cambridge, Mass 

Spokane, Wash 

Albany,N. Y 



$960,225 
954, 168 
755,981 
671,062 
693, 826 

645,916 
586,014 
584, 536 
556, 589 
160,318 

288,401 
552,007 
524,307 
544,819 
538,899 

274,065 
429, 964 
507,322 
541, 795 
363,556 



$3,209 




$9, 179 

25,323 

7,100 

9,000 

5,440 

3,500 
10,968 
4,800 
4,817 
6,427 

5,400 
16,506 
3,700 
6,681 
12,782 

3,000 
5,761 
11,568 
3,500 

7,254 


$5,264 
5,779 




5,962 




$4,417 
6,170 

800 






13, 184 

12,505 

83 

1,500 

891 


3,800 


4,578 
7,823 




713 


264 


3,231 
13,538 


1,376 
1,680 


4,815 
12,948 
2,095 

1,995 


1,600 
85 


584 
2,792 

1,417 
1,200 








6,322 




3,550 











$17,652 
31, 102 
13, 062 
13,417 
24,794 

20, 605 
11,051 
10, 878 
14,244 
6,427 

10,271 
31,724 
8,515 
21,813 
17, 754 

6,412 
6,961 
11,568 
13,372 
7,254 



40 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



Table 16. — Shoiving total school expenses and expenses of general control of school sys- 
tems in 103 cities of 30,000 population and over, 1909 — Continued. 

GROUP III.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 50,000 TO 100,000 IN 1910. 




Total 

school 

expenses. 



Board of 
educar 
tion. 


Finance 
offices. 


Superin- 
tendent's 
office. 


Other 
overhead 
expenses. 


$5,000 
2,680 


$1,867 


$3,203 
5,500 

10,525 
7,920 
8,392 

3,672 
11,790 
8,264 
5,217 
4,842 

7,927 
4,273 
3,932 
4,950 
4,800 

3,600 
3,700 
4,650 
3,582 
4,096 

1,615 
6,178 
3,000 

4,185 
4,500 

3,320 
2,800 
2,720 
3,515 


$1,182 








1,800 








3,740 




253 
2,946 

140 
3,252 

806 

4,175 
2,286 
1,432 
439 
5,192 








4,3.33 


875 


4,466 
9,349 
6,327 
2,900 




50 
600 
194 


2,663 

1,422 

10,956 

360 

1,602 

1,229 






657 
300 






800 

228 
6,503 

600 
9,178 


124 

1,328 
266 

8,011 
127 

1,127 


3,820 
6,021 




2,195 
2,020 


4,040 


2,520 






1,192 
1,491 

1,319 


3,500 


2,683 


5,628 
3,404 
6,054 
3,000 
5,319 

3,540 
2,450 
2,400 
4,964 
6,029 

6,746 
3,481 


330 


2,070 




4,018 




277 


2,606 


3,164 
1,371 
2,111 




300 


1,280 

2,195 

350 

120 

1,614 


6,535 




468 
2,386 


2,823 

720 





Total for 

general 

control. 



Hartford, Conn 

Trenton, N. J 

New Bedford, Mass. 

Reading, Pa 

Camden, N. J 



Dallas, Tex 

Springfield, Mass. 
Wilmington, Del 
Des Moines, Iowa. 
Lawrence, Mass. . 



Tacoma, Wash 

Kansas City, Kans. 

St. Joseph, Mo 

Troy, N. Y 

Utica,N. Y 



Elizabeth, N. J 

Schenectady, N. Y. 

Hoboken, N. J 

Manchester, N. H . . 
E vansville, Ind 



Norfolk, Va 

Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 

Peoria, 111 

Erie, Pa 

Savannah, Ga 



Oklahoma, Okla... 

Harrisburg, Pa 

Charleston, S. C. . 

Portland, Me 

East St. Louis, 111. 



Holyoke, Mass... 
Jacksonville, Fla. 
Brockton, Mass... 

Bayonne, N. J 

Johnstown, Pa. .. 



Passaic, N. J . . , 
Wichita, Kans. 
Covington, Ky. 
AUentown, Pa. 
Springfield, 111. 

Saginaw, Mich. 
Canton, Ohio.. 



$535,300 
408,423 
331,048 
282,263 
419,283 

234,641 
505, 700 
235,293 
495,745 
293,398 

363, 142 
253,355 
269, 754 
330,346 
268, 696 

212,509 
242,238 
360,404 
157, 726 
232, 761 

144,720 
221,600 
270,458 
217,215 
124,860 

189,447 
253,430 
103,359 
257,563 
187,189 

248,410 
85,088 
253,474 
287,089 
183,061 

209,331 
138,570 
134,819 
162,076 
185,208 

241,044 
157, 771 



$11,252 
8,180 
10,525 
9,720 
8,392 

7,665 
14,736 

8,404 
13,677 

5,648 

16,568 
15,958 
12,291 
8,483 
9,992 

6,263 
5,779 
15,906 
3,942 
6,622 

4,400 
12,947 
15,431 
19,511 

5,627 

5,515 
11,380 
2,720 
4,707 
7,674 

6,947 
5,804 
6,054 
7,295 
7,925 

6,704 
5,401 
6,706 
11,849 
6,149 

11,651 
6,587 



T6TAL SCHOOL EXPENSES. 



41 



Table 16. — Showing total school expenses and expenses of general control of school sys- 
tems in 103 cities of 30,000 population and over, i909— Continued. 

GROUP IV.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 30,000 TO 50,000 IN 1910. 



Cities. 



Total 

school 

expenses. 



Board of 
educa- 
tion. 



Finance 
offices. 



Superin- 
tendent's 
office. 



Other 
overhead 
expenses. 



Total for 
general 
control. 



87 
88 
89 
90 

91 
92 
93 
94 
95 

96 
97 
98 
99 
100 

101 
102 
103 



Sioux Citj', Iowa. . 

Lancaster, Pa 

Atlantic City, N. J. 
Little Rock, Ark. . 
Rockford, 111 

Bay City, Mich 

York, Pa 

Sacramento, Cal. . . 
Chattanooga, Term 
Maiden, Mass 

Pueblo, Colo 

Haverhill, Mass. . . 
New Britain, Conn 

Topeka, Kans 

Davenport, Iowa.. 

Wheeling, W. Va.. 

Chester, Pa 

Dubuque, Iowa. . . 
Woonsocket, R. I.. 
Racine, Wis 

Knoxville, Term . . 

New Castle, Pa 

Joliet, 111 

Auburn, N. Y 

Taunton, Mass 

Oskosh, Wis 

Joplin, Mo 

Newport, Ky 



S201,948 
137, 387 
184,872 
128,597 
163,741 

168,253 
146, 104 
220,688 
86,702 
226,888 

187,326 
184,473 
143,210 
201,880 
226,280 

153,298 
122,064 
116,346 
97,801 
140,916 

79,215 
146,085 
117,329 
123,028 
142,618 

107,605 
120,347 
80,409 



$1,533 
1,200 
6,770 



$1,060 
500 



250 
2,435 



1,340 



2,133 



1,850 



50 
1,408 
1,800 

1,778 

50 

1,480 



350 
100 

2,948 

3,688 

420 



900 



100 
2,617 
1,868 



3,081 



16 

300 

1,695 



1,685 



$6,544 
3,458 
3,355 
4,087 
2,770 

3,550 
5,304 
4,262 
2,556 

5,475 

5,756 
3,087 
4,531 
3,400 
2,750 

3,329 
2,734 
2,700 
2,932 
2,700 

3,490 
3,201 
4,512 
4,321 
2,873 

2,956 
3,060 
2,160 



$203 
"956' 



2,001 
1,200 



2,347 



2,187 



850 

36 

501 

661 



66 

772 
440 
50 

244 
900 
173 



$6,544 
5,194 
4,555 

11,807 
3,830 

6,301 
8,939 
4,262 
3,971 
5,475 

9,739 
5,434 
5,469 
5,158 
6,837 

8,055 
7,322 
4,636 
3,433 
4,261 

3,490 
6,438 
7,901 
6,629 
2,923 

3,216 
5,945 
4,028 



42 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



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43 



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60 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



Table 19. — Showing total cost of instruction, operation, and maintenance of normal, 
evening, vacation, and special schools in 103 cities of 30,000 population and over, 
1909. 



Cities. 



Normal 
schools. 



Evening 
schools. 



Vacation 
schools. 



Special 
scnools. 



Total. 



Grand total. 



§341,328 



$912,464 



?%,849 



Group I. . . 
Group II. . 
Group HI. 
Group IV . 



310,768 
2,890 
27,670 



563,168 
173,926 
140,753 
34,617 



78,811 

8,714 

8,. 540 

784 



167, 159 
16,687 
18,679 
6,344 



$1,559,510 



1,119,906 

202,217 

195,642 

41,745 



GROUP I.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 300,000 OR OVER IN 1910. 



Chicago, 111 

St. Louis, Mo . . . 
Cleveland, Ohio. 
Baltimore, Md . . 
Detroit, Mich . . . 



Buffalo, N.Y 

San Francisco, Cal. 

Milwaukee, Wis 

Newark, N. J 

New Orleans, La. . . 



Washington, D. C. 
Los Angeles, Cal . . . 
Minneapolis, Minn. 



8115,356 

57,792 
60, 185 



3,870 



13,590 
21,472 

38,503 



$159,307 
31,766 
27,012 
23,332 
25,580 

33,823 
72,447 
19,148 
123,246 
15,756 

21,363 
8,234 
2,154 



$15,000 
5,495 
12,162 



10,871 
4,492 



2,334 
27,397 



1,060 



$46,449 
44,858 
10,569 



9,422 



13,419 
42, 442 



$336,112 

139,911 

109,928 

23,332 

45,873 

42,185 
85,866 
63,924 
164,233 
37,228 

59,866 
8,234 
3,214 



GROUP II.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OP 100,000 TO 300,000 IN 1910. 



Jersey City, N. J . 
Providence, R. I. 
St. Paul, Minn... 
Portland, Oreg. . . 
Columbus, Ohio.. 



Toledo, Ohio 

Oakland, Cal 

Syracuse, N. Y 

New Haven, Conn . 
Birmingham, Ala. . 



Memphis, Tenn 

Scranton, Pa 

Patersoa, N J 

Omaha, Nebr 

Grand Rapids, Mich. 



Nashville, Tenn.. 

Lowell, Mass 

Cambridge, Mass. 
Spokane, Wash.. 
Albany, N.Y... . 



$2,890 



$16,306 
39,230 



4,460 
634 



10, 151 
6,079 
7,169 



1,993 

12, 100 

8,156 

5,465 

8,571 

2,366 
23,863 
15,832 

1,482 
10,069 



$1,238 



1,933 



410 
2,000 



1,476 



$12,514 



4.173 



$17,544 
39,230 

1,933 
16,974 

3,524 



10,151 
6,489 
9,169 



1,993 
12,100 
8,156 
5,465 
14,220 

2,366 
23,863 
17,489 

1,482 
10,069 



GROUP in.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 50,000 TO 100,000 IN 1910. 



Hartford, Conn 

Trenton, N. J 

New Bedford, Mass. 

Reading, Pa 

Camden, N.J 



Dallas, Tex 

Springfield, Mass.. 
WOmington, Del. . 
Des Moines, Iowa. 
Lawrence, Mass. . . 



Tacoma, Wash 

Kansas City, Kans. 

St. Joseph, Mo 

Troy, N.Y 

Utica, N. Y 



$13,668 



$19, 787 
6,2% 
6,771 
5,156 
2,766 

1,840 

13, 187 

1,643 

1,001 

12,654 



3,236 
3,467 



$4,217 



3,227 
1,096 



$13, 733 



3,770 



$24,004 

20,029 

20, 439 

5,156 

2,766 

1,840 
16,967 
1,643 
<',228 
13,750 



3,236 
3,467 



NORMAL, EVENING, AND VACATION SCHOOLS. 



51 



Table 19. — Shoiving total cost of instruction, opei-ation, and maintenance of normal, 
evening, vacation, and special schools in 103 cities of 30,000 -population and over, 
1909 — Continued. 

GROUP III.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 50,000 TO 100,000 IN 1910— Continued. 





Cities. 


Normal 
schools. 


Evening 
schools. 


Vacation 
schools. 


Special 
schools. 


Total. 


41 


Elizabetb, N.J 


$2,453 


$9,683 

3,893 

7,746 

1,931 

906 

812 
1,429 

970 
1,465 
1,515 

1,556 

747 






$12 136 


.=)0 


Schenectady, N. Y 






3,893 

7 746 


51 


Hoboken, N. J 








,5^ 


Manchester, N. H 








1 931 


53 


Evans'V'ille, Ind 








906 


54 


Norfolk, Va 








812 


55 


Wilkes-Barre, Pa 








1 429 


56 


Peoria, 111 








970 


57 


Erie, Pa 


1,584 






3,049 


58 


Savannah, Ga 






1 515 


m 


Oklahoma, Okla 








1 556 


fiO 


Harrisburg, Pa 

Charleston, S. C 


1,023 






1 770 


fil 








fi"? 


Portland, Me 




1,348 
832 

7,813 






1,348 
832 


fi3 


East St. Louis, 111 








64 


Holyoke, Mass 








7 813 


65 


Jacksonville, Fla 










66 






5,178 
5,691 






5 178 


67 


Bayonne, N. J 








5,691 


6S 


Johnstown, Pa 








m 


Passaic, N. J 




5,426 






5,426 


70 


Wichita, Kans 


2,589 






2 589 


71 




230 

1,100 

508 

2,170 






230 


7? 


Allentown, Va 








1,100 


73 


Springfield, 111 


5,083 
1,270 






5,591 
4,616 


74 


Saginaw, Mich 

Canton, Ohio 




$1,176 


75 














.. 





GROUP IV.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 30,000 TO 50,000 IN 1910. 



76 


Sioux City, Iowa 












77 


Lancaster, Pa 




$2,583 
1,241 






$2,583 
1 241 


78 










7Q 


Little Rock, Ark 










80 


Rockford, 111 




345 

438 






345 


81 


Bay City, Mich • 






$1,112 


1 550 


82 


York, Pa 








83 


Sacramento, Cal 




10,077 




1,204 


11,281 


84 


Chattanooga, Tenn 








85 






5,617 






5,617 


86 


Pueblo, Colo 








87 






2,447 
3,135 


$784 




3,231 


88 


New Britain, Conn 






3 135 


89 


Topeka, Kans 










90 


Davenport, Iowa 












91 


AVheeling, W. Va 












9? 


Chester, Pa 












93 


Dubuque, Iowa 












94 


AVoonsocket, R . I 




2,421 
1,600 






2,421 
4,652 


95 


Racine, Wis 






3,052 


96 


Knoxville, Term 






97 


New Castle, Pa 












98 


Joliet, 111 




353 

808 

3,049 

563 






353 


99 


Auburn, N. Y 








808 


100 


Taimton, Mass 








3,049 


101 


Oshkosh, Wis . 






976 


1 479 


102 


Joplin, Mo .' 








103 


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52 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



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(m'^c^T-'^'cocn'' 



, ^'<4<lO00OS cocot^c-i-^ 

T-H (N CO CD »0 GO 00 O CD -^ OS 1— I OS 00 
.„— . .. i-Ht^iOt^CO 0>OI>.-HOS 



CO^Ot-irH -^ *-l Tt< T-H tH 



t-OSOOOS lOOi-^-^t^ OOOOi-Hi-iCD 



OO^S^Ot^ lOOSCDCDr 



O T-H CO CO »o 



COOOO-CO 0»OCOC<»00 OOSi-HiOCO 

i-Tcf t-T (M*^i-rc^"c<fc^ c^ 



Tt<CD (NiO 



00s t^-^ TtHOS CD 

t^oo t>-i-t(?q coco 

I>0 (NCDOS-^i-H 



(Nrl i-li-Hr 



t^OlOTtHOS 
00 .-I COCO 1^ 
OSTtHOi-Hi-H 

oTco'ic'o'or 



lOOSi-Hi-iO cDt-.QOiO'^ 
iO(NOOl>-OS »Ot^rH'<*<lO 

oooiOTHi> T-H'ft^i-ios 



(N i-Hi-Hi-H 



OCOTtHCDO t^i— iir3COI>> 



iO(M cOi-H -^ Tt< O t 

TtTcO'^TjrtC coi>^osT-H t-' 



lOrHCNOt^ COC^rHi-l-^ 00 CO '^ OS 



OS COt-( COr-H 
COC^rHi-l-* 
CO CD 00 OS OS 

oTT-Ti-Tcocr 



COCA (NlMCOi-HCO T-H CO rH CM t-i (M tM (N f-< rH i-H 



(NCO OS-^COfNCO 0sO0a(M»0 lOI>-(M(Nlr- "J^O'^OOCD 
(M 10 cOrHOOst^ 1—1 CO cO CO CO -^ O cD CO (M CD C^ (M Q ^ 
00 005C0010S CDr-COOOS OSCOrHt-OS CDCDIOOCO 



OSOS r-ir5C0(NiO O O 1— 1 lO lO 
(Mi-l tHiHIM (M tHCOi-Ht-H 



-COUO-^ CDcDCOtN^ 



O lO iOiOOCO(N 
"^ O ■^ OS O 1—1 rH 



CO 10 00 tH tH O OS 



00 O OOCOi-H OS Ir* 



iccq >ooo ir^ 

t^rH OOCO t^ 
O (N GO CO CO 



rHCO OCO»OCNt— CO^OspC 
COOS i-HOSCOCDi-H t-CNOS^C 
COlM <MtH(Mi-1CO i-ICOitHWt 



CO t--^ 

iocq -^ 

CNCM^oTcO''^ 

ososoo-^i^- 



- . , _ 00s OOOOCO 
■^0000 coco.-iiO(M 
■■ t>.T-Ht-00CO 



K^,-(THi-i (Mr 



u^' 






-' - rEH.2 






^ S 



o o 

fee 



^ ca a :3 •;:; 

» <B a c3 s, 






.-^ M IS o 






2 2 f^ 

O C3 > 



> 03 



■^10 cOt^OOOSO ^cqcO'*^ CDb-OO^O 'TJ'^^i^JS 
COCO COCOCOCO'* '^ Tti Tt< '<*< ''J' T)H -^ tji '<*< »0 iOiOiO»Oif3 



54 



EXPENSES OF CTTY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



■^ 








O 




12; 


8^3 


o 


§ p) 


M 


H 


§ rt 


< 


,^"^ 


Hi 


S f3 


P 




O 

Ph 


1§ 


< 




o 


s 


'A 


.2 


> 


C3 


< 




M 


!^ 


rn 


O 


W 






S 


H 


.o 





S^.g 



2 A ° ± ■ 
f^ST; a 3 <!' 



fe S 3 .S ft-s 
2 03 a 3'S g 



cs 3 M f<r 



1^ <s o 






Oi (M r^ I:^ »0 -^iOOJUD^H -^-^COOO^^ COOOt-iOOS 

■^os^i^co i^'<t<(^ect* TPr^r^oico M-^r^w-rp 



OJrHrH.-l<N 



(MC<lrHT-l,H rH r-H ,-l(N r-1 



_... _-., Ci»OCO--HO OJOi-^W-^ 

»-< »0 00 Tj< -^ -^ ^H O T-H O "tl Q CC Ol O CO O ^H iC Q 



ccooc 

cf-*~i-IO(N 



t^ CM r-H CI C^ 



rH rti-H rH C-J 



< T-H 00 OS t-OOCOO 
.-ICNC-) i-HrH i-lrHr-lr-H 



00»OCT> 
00 00 t^ 



(M COt-h lO 

r-H cool ^ 
.-H ■-h'im'im'" 



CM OOOOOIOC^ OO) 
00 t^cOiO'*iM 00> 



OlMi-(C0(N COOO 



O^ OOSO-HO 
O 00 r-H O O ^ T-H 



o r^ ooo»ot^oo 



CO-^ T-H W^(M 






£ o o 3 ?J_S ft 

r. O S CS P ■§ ft 

'^ « hf)W 3 



c8 3 g a; 



»C(N OCMO 

to o 00 too 



OCl r-( COOS 











00 




















t^ 


CO Tt^ 














.-HOOOO "O-^tMO^ 01>05C005 



lO^TPt^CC CNOCOOl"^ 



t-- CO OiOi 00 



oo r^oico 



H<N(MOOOO OOOOOO 



OCOCOCOt- C<JO<M03C0 00t-^(35O:C^» 
CDCOO'^I^- .— II^-OOOfM C^l>Ot^C0 

r^r-^t^ZOC^ OO'io'cC'-rod" OOOrHoTcO 



»OrH 

ceo 
coof 



00 00 
00 oo 

odo 



00CC<*<CT)r^ CD'*"*00 
00 CO -^ O Ci OcDf^OOCO 
•^ rH -^ 00 1-1 rH(N lO »0 (N 



00 t-^i-l iM CO 



OiOM<OQ 

CO -^oooo 

lO'i-T'yDiO'co' 



CO00iO^»O r-iiO»OCOO OOi— I^CD lu^lr^cOl^-iO 

00051OOC3 OC:*0':DC0 co-^t-i'^OO t-hoO.— iOi(N 
COtNCOCOOi COOliOcO-^ OOOl^OOt^ COOOi— ICNCS 



IQ (>1 O CO oo 
Ol (M O CO O 



• 0*0»0 CDOSi-H-^Oi Oias<M>00 



' -^'^ 

"3 5 

3^.a 

oaOM 






m 3 -^ Is! 3 

t-( 4J 4-3 ^ M 



^;« 



WMi 






COI^OOOSO i-H CN CO ■* *o CDr^C 
»0»COW3CD COCDCDCOCD CDCOC 



^!>>c8 3:^ . 

.g Cl 3 3 O 
O--; fto3 IS 

T-l(N CO-^iO 



05 ic r^ o CO 

CO CO IM 00 CO 

lOOs wSco 

OS 00 t* COOS 
00<Nb-^l<5 



C0 05000CO 
^ CO OS t^ T-H 
■*0SO>0«3 

cooTt-Teoco 



OS »0 CO 00 00 




oirqcD-^jio 

00-* CO 00 t^ 



,-1 COO'* OS 



<M Oi-H C^ OS 

CO CD OS CD t^ 
i-l OCJSCOOS 



r~ O) OS CO X3 




-*COCOCO(M 



00 ■* rH r^io 

COOOi-IOOO 



3 3^-w o 

MH3<1h:ipH 

COt^OOOSO 



SCHOOLS OP ALL, KINDS. 



55 






in C<i aO OO CD Oj(Nt-(CCiO OiC 

t~-ooiocoas oir-ooQ cot 

OiOtNOS-^ OOilr^t^iO CO C 



IlO (TO rH 00 T-H l^t^MOiO 



gs 






Ot-HCO -^^t^C^iO T-H CO -^ 



W3 05 t^OOVO 



8lOrH CDOi CO 

(NOIM05 (M 



05C0CD T-tNCOI^CO O 
■^(MOO C000"*00 T-l 

COOOOi ooocoot^ o 



OOMrHM C^ 



t^iOC^ -^l^OsiOCOO 



00>-100 rH t 



00-^00 C0COt-O5M t-tO*OOIM 
Mr4' i-T r-T MoT TH~i-r 









cq c^ CO lOOiOiNM N -^ t^ 



OIOTPIN (Ni-l(M 



■c 


U5 ; 














ro 




IN 





OOlOJINt- 01i-ICD(N0> 



t~'<l<O00Ol 



^ t^CCJCO T-H 



CO iH 00 05 05 t^ Oi O •— I 05 



(NCOM OOONTfilO tDCOOO 

r^ o t^ 05 CD 00 Oi ^ CO r^ lo 

(M 1-H t^ i-tOWCOr- (M CO rj» 



incOrHrHlO ■* 00 00 00 >0 ■<5< 



iOI>Tt* i-HCC^OCDt-h lO(Ni-t 



lOCOCO-^CO ICWIOCO-^ QC<l*0-^r 

^cdcccoth c<icqt^'^"b coTj^T-ii-tc 



TfOMOo moo 



Wt-HU5CC»0 »Oi-tOl»OlC COr-tOOt^OS lO i-H t-h 00 O 00 CO CO 



§t*rHCCCO eO»C00Q0O COtHfHCpOS 00 -^ i-l CO 00 OOrHCO 

•^t--t-HOi r^t^^fcOcD Cfti-IO»OCO 03»0r-^0i(N <MCOC2 

(MQ0"3t-I cOi-hScoCN cOrtt>.001M 00 OJ i-H IM "5 CO CO O 

cDoc^T-Tco •o'csocot-?' r-Tio Tii'cq" ococf'^ Cfcir-i 



CO 5) 35 



8»OCOrH CN (N 



SOi-( "OOCOOO OQO 
lOCO COCO-^OQ OSCOiO 
•OOCO-^ COCO"^00^ W IM 'l^ 



00lN>Oi-(Oa >13 'COC^CO CO<M(NIM CD i-H IM 



ooc<lo>eOi-i miocoooh- coot~i^(N 
'TjK Ti5 -^j* 4i5 io oaio-^ocD coogosOTt* 

COiN-^lNCO ■^rtCOCO'O •*00O'0i-l 



■*i-lt-00CO t^COQ 
lOi-H COOO (NOJ»0 



ooco-^r^oo oocDT-Hoot^ »ooot^i-i(N t^-^r^coco oaccico 

O 05 CO CO »0 (N C<I 00 "»1* 1-H OSt^r^cOO »J^OSt^00O3 cot^^ 






1 MS 










^NCQTPlO tOI-OQOSO 1-HWCO'^lC COI>.OOOSO i-H W « 
0000000000 O0OOOOGOa:> O 0:> C3 O) O:) OiOiO^OiO ooo 



56 



EXPENSES O'F CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



> g a 






i^K 



0) o Q fl 
S-C-S 2 



■O 0) O H 
<u p,o3 D 






o a c3 o 



"^ ^ f-H CO 
O GC -* -* 

"^ to ^ Ci 



lo r^<M »o 



■*00Q00 

O CO CO ^H 



■*<o>oco 



I— I(-H— (h-( 

D 3 3 D 
o o o o 



CC C-l Q O 00 O t^ O '^ 05 r-l C 

Sr-iZpQp'^ -^lOI^tNCO T-(C 
TjiOOb- M'WO^cD-* CO' 






o^ CO -* m:)-^ o> 

Oi lO ^H to Oi CO 
€©01 O^-trH OS 



OioB5 
oo<Neo 



(N-*i-lt~(M Tt<t^,-(lO<35 COUJrH 



CO "^05 05 00 



t~0 i-iO 

■*0 C35tO 

IMOS 0(N 

f^co" co'co" 



C^O> 

rH i-H 

ooc<r 









a a 



3 +i ^ '3 "S 

OcQOPQQ 



thmco'*": cot^ooroo .-knco 



ial^? Ill 



PS 


INCOOQOOb 

to r» i>* 1— 1 lO 

OCIOOOOO 

coe'oococo 

CO 


09 


CO 

£o 

co" 








^" 




■<r 


















$8,915 
154 

305 
10,639 




s 








§ 


coco 










mm 
coco 
00 to 


i 






52,125 
3,762 

900 
1,200 
1,650 
2,806 

720 




1 

S 


445 
1,616 
1,012 
2,512 


1^ 

> 

O 
ffl 
1 


1 

2 




2: 
C 

c 
a 

1 


c 

c 

1 

o 


J 

O 
o 

"2 

o 


o 

d 
O 


■^ 


>r 


CO 


r- 


0( 


Ol 


o 



MISCELIANEOUS EXPENSES. 



57 



OOiOOOO 
1-H (M CO '•i^ <M 

■'j'Or-iooas 

QCO^OCOO 



lOGOOOCOO »O00i-i 



OiO-^t^OS «— I CO C^ 



COCOOO'*'^ -^IM 

lO -*(>» oorH CO r- 
051000CO (NO 



i-i 4OC0 ■* pH 



OOCO 1-1 CO 



O'^NOSt- t^oocoooo 

C^ts-OSCON cO<NTfOt^ 
CD'^Tt<cOi-l lM(MCD!M(M 



r-HCO i-lOO 



coi> 

■^r-T 



§2 . 

« a 5*0 

t £ .a a> h 



,-1 QO'*" 
03 is 00 t^ 
C<l CO O CO 



■§ S t( 03 o 

PhOo;z;h:i 






•-HiMcO'^io cor^oooso ^ c<j CO 
NNNIMC-) <N<Ncqc^co cococo 



S14,224 
14,182 
15, 124 
2,991 
10.065 


3,005 

7,343 

906 

12,435 

11,266 


7,111 
2,715 
3,442 
24,481 
9.095 


6,493 
5,266 
10,676 
3,073 
2,421 


o 


CO -^ irf 


CO 


















■■a*' 

6© 






o 






o 


cq 






s i 




lOO 

,-H 00 






s 


2,413 
2,200 

1,754 






<N 

cq 


















o 








di 


00 
00 












CO 


cq 














o-* 


964 
672 

1,584 


363 

1,763 

250 

3,232 

1,239 

452 

595 

4,435 

2,037 
30 

2,140 
822 
460 

25 

900 

3,032 

3,826 

376 




CO U5 




i 




378 
1,940 
2,860 

700 


1,500 
128 
250 

1,755 


Til 


1 




1(5 


11 
-Tco 


















[^COTt< 
tT TJ< CO 

T-l l~-00 

.-Tcfcf 












OOl 


1-1 "^ 

IN 


CO 
00 


oo 

TOO 




o 




oo 

lO o 
005 
















$1,350 
1,185 
3,419 
720 
2,880 


CO 


1,485 
3,500 

720 

936 

900 

1,500 

1,800 

400 
1,590 
2,200 
1,150 

840 


'OOO 








c0005Tt<C<) iOOCC»o 








coo 




OiCO CO 

ooi d 

iOCOt^ 


c 
c 


1- 




~ 






c 

1 




j 




••5 


a 

C 
o: 


c 






V 


t> 


h- 








p. 

0. 




.S: 


03 
r1 


Hartford, C 
Trenton, N 
New Bedfo 
Reading, P 
Camden, N 

Dallas, Tex 
Springfield, 
Wilmingtoi 
Des Moines 
Lawrence, 1 


-Oft 


utica, N. Y 

Elizabeth, 1 
Schenectad 
Hoboken, > 
Manchester 
Evansville, 

Norfolk, Va 
Wilkes-Bar 




1 '^ 




IT 


c<- 


ot 


o 


c 


M 




? 




^ 


cc 


l> 


oc 




s 


? 


11- 


c 


? 


g 


Jp 


& 


S 



58 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



c S 






OOOOOOCOCO ■^O'^OOS r-tCOr-tOOS (M WD 

eooo-^-^o o »o .-H <io -^ r-HoccT-Hio coi-i 

'^'^l-^CDCO OS-fb-OiOO iOCOasCSCT) -^CD 

<:i5"c^iOt^tC ioiCc^Tjr,_r TjT^^c^^ co"i-h" 



S'^ o ft 



-d S a S 
as 5 



Ho ft 



O 3,^ S 



MOO CO 
O^ lO to 
CO CO 



00 CO t~ >-l 00 
00 OJ 00 CO CO 



toco OtO 

CO O CTIO 



CO"* 
OOO 



CO tP t-i 0000 CO OS 
rt O) oco - 



o>o 

CO CD 



1-1 t^ OCOCO 



lOOO OO'^C 



i-H o »o O "O t- C 



S "51 00 -^ "^ O t^ 



"^n - _ 






s'i^ 



o o^ 
2° 






-r^ c3 -tJ ?^cri 5 J^ 
a^ o^ ft d iS 



HlOCOt^OO OiOTH(NC0 -^ lO 



cotogsi-tr^ (Niooococo 

OOINO^IO COiMt-lOiO 

^co"co"c« crco~""ai" cq" 



-* (N ■^O 



^tniS 



O c« -<5 • 
l-H A . >> ^:z} 

.^ w „ O'J' 

r -1 +^ .2 Q3 '-' 

X g d «3 

o 5 +3 .-S o 



a -I H S 



cOt^OOOsO i-H(NCO"*^ 

r^t^i^i>oo oooooococ 



MISCELIAN"EOUS EXPENSES. 



59 



OOtOOSCO"^ OOOiMOiO cDiOt--cDO OCO"^ 
OOO-^OSC^ C^)cO'*"<t*i-H CCOOCD-^ lO"— i(M 



'^ o-rxN'-H 



tH C^ >— I CO -"f CSl 1-1 (>J 



0> t— O iC oi c^ 

b- 00 00 CO (N 



OCOOOO 000<N 
eoi--i:--cC':c> oicocoio 



lo coo O lO o o 



■ : 1=1 

: Mr*? 



' ^ »?^ 












Ij +^ :3 C H 















«5t-00CnO >H IM 



coi^oocRO i-Hcam 



00 00 00 00 03 Oi Oi Oi Oi <J^ 03 03 0^05 ooo 



60 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



Table 22. — Showing expenses of instruction, operation, and maintenance of Hnder- 
gartens in 103 cities of 30,000 population and over, 1909. 



Salaries of 
teachers. 



Salaries 
and ex- 
penses of 
supervi- 
sors. 



Text- 
books, 
station- 
ery, and 
general 
school 
supplies. 



Other 
current 
expenses. 



Total. 



Grand total . 



81,205,978 



118,271 



$39,549 



$30,543 



Group I... 
Group II.. 
Group III. 
Group IV. 



771,872 

208, 850 

170, 142 

55, 114 



11,717 

2,904 

2,800 

850 



25,551 
5,443 
7,036 
1,519 



12,092 

6,800 

11,019 

632 



,294,341 



821,232 

223,997 

190,997 

58,115 



GROUP I.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 300,000 AND OVER IN 1910. 



Chicago, 111 

St. Louis, Mo... 
Cleveland, Ohio. 
Baltimore, Md . . 
Detroit, Mich . . . 



Bufialo, N. Y 

San Francisco, Cal. 

Milwaukee, Wis 

Newark, N . J 

New Orleans, La. . . 



Washington, D. C 
Los Angeles, Cal. . . 
Mioneapolis, Minn. 



$198,403 
152,358 
53,009 



96,835 
23,470 



63,650 

'38,'566' 

71,230 

66,927 

7,490 



$5,762 
1,500 



1,200 



3,255 



$6,117 
3,937 
2,111 



3,906 
958 



3,200 

2,620 

2,682 

20 



$5,253 
744 

2,892 



1,556 



1,502 
110 
35 



$209,773 

162,801 

59,512 



100,741 
27,184 



63,650 

"ii,m 

78,607 

69,719 

7,545 



GROUP II.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 100,000 TO 300,000 IN 1910. 



Jersey City, N. J . 
Providence, R. I. 



St. Paul, Minn. . 
Portland, Oreg. . 
Columbus, Ohio. 
Toledo, Ohio.... 
Oakland, Cal 



Syracuse, N. Y 

New Haven, Conn. 
Birmingham, Ala. . 

Memphis, Term 

Seranton, Pa 



Paterson, N. J 

Omaha, Nebr 

Grand Rapids, Mich. 

Nashville, Term 

Lowell, Mass 



Cambridge, Mass. 
Spokane, Wash.. 
Albany, N.Y.... 



$28,945 



37,003 
4,560 



18,000 
19,400 



14,915 



36,438 



12,930 

17,809 



18,850 



1,100 



900 



150 



2,000 



1,033 



546 



$2, 755 



3,719 



$29,849 



40,653 
4,710 

18,000 
24,862 



16,915 



37,471 



13,476 
18,311 



19,750 



GROUP III.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 50,000 TO 100,000 IN 1910. 



Hartford, Conn. 
Trenton, N. J.. 



New Bedford, Mass. 

Reading, Pa 

Camden, N.J 

Dallas, Tex 

Springfield, Mass — 



Wilmington, Del. . . 
Des Moines, Iowa. . 

Lawrence, Mass 

Tacoma, AVash 

Kansas City, Kans. 



$29,718 



4,000 



15,090 



24, 368 



450 



$700 



300 



$1,811 



399 



418 



$643 



$32,229 



4,£ 



16,451 



32,736 



523 



KINDEEGAKTENS. 



61 



Table 22. — Showing expenses of instruction, operation, and maintenance of hinder 
gnrtens in 103 cities of 30,000 population and over, 1909 — Continued. 



GROUP III.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 50,000 TO 


100,000 in 


1910— Continued. 






Salaries of 
teachers. 


Salaries 
and ex- 
penses of 
supervi- 
sors. 


Text- 
books, 
station- 
ery, and 
general 
school 
supplies. 


Other 
current 
expenses. 


Total. 


46 


St. Joseph, Mo 












47 


Troy, N. Y 


$12,653 
12,613 




$762 




$13,415 
13 363 


48 


Utica, N. Y 




$750 


49 


Elizabeth, N. J 








50 


Schenectady, N. Y. 


6,564 

15,568 
1,909 
7,350 




547 

650 
169 
104 




7,111 
16,218 


51 


Hoboken, N. J 






^?. 


Manchester, N. 11 




14 
24 


2,092 


53 






7 478 


54 


Norfolk, Va 






55 


Wilkes-Barre, Pa 












56 


Peoria, 111.. 


6,829 
1,790 




78 
143 




6,907 
2 075 


57 


Erie, Pa 




142 


58 


Savannah, Ga. 






59 


Oklahoma., Ok|a, 


4,185 








4,185 


60 


Harrisburg, Pa 










61 


Charleston, S. C 












6? 


Portland, Me 


3,675 




319 


3,532 


7,526 


63 


East St. Louis, III 




64 


Holyoke, Mass 


9,136 




198 




9,334 


65 


Jacksonville, Pla 








66 


Brockton, Mass 












67 


Bayonne, N.J 


6,720 




471 




7,191 


68 


Johnstown, Pa 






60 


Passaic, N. J 












70 


Wichita, Kans 












71 


Covington, Ky. 


6,954 






240 


7,194 


7?. 


Allentown, Pa 






73 


Springfield, 111 












74 


Saginaw, Mich 












75 


Canton, Ohio 


570 








570 















GROUP IV.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 30,000 TO 60,000 IN 1910. 



76 


Sioux City, Iowa 












77 


Lancaster, Pa 












78 


Atlantic City, N. J 












79 


Little Rock, Ark. 












80 


Rockford, 111 












81 


Bay City, Mich 












8? 


York, Pa . . . 












83 


Sacramento, Cal 


$10, 440 




$107 


$120 


$10,667 


84 


Chattanooga, Tenn.. 




85 


Maiden, Mass 












86 


Pueblo, Colo 


7,963 
3,355 
5,574 
1,080 




253 




8,216 
3,355 
5,796 
1,125 


87 


Haverhill, Mass 






88 


New Britain, Conn... 




222 




89 


Topeka, Kans 




45 


90 


Davenport, Iowa 








91 


Wheeling, W. Va 












9?, 


Chester, Pa 












93 


Dubuque, Iowa 


4,550 
2,372 
7,680 


$850 


143 
220 
272 




5,543 


94 


Woonsocket, R. I 


466 


3,058 


95 


Racine, Wis 




7,952 


96 


Knoxville, Tenn 








97 


New Castle, Pa 












98 


JoIiet,Ill 












99 


Auburn, N. Y 


3,225 






1 


3,226 


100 


Taunton, Mass 








101 


Oshkosh, Wis 


8,875 




302 




9,177 


10? 


JopliQ, Mo 








103 


Newport, Ky 














! 









62 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



Table 23. — Shoioing for each item of expense of general control the percentage of total 
expenses, based on Table 16. 





Cities. 


Board of ed- 
ucation. 


Finance of- 
fices. 


Superintend- 
ent's office. 


Other over- 
liead ex- 
penses. 


Total. 




Per- 
cent- 
age. 


Rank. 


Per- 
cent- 
age. 


Rank. 


Per- 
cent- 
age. 


Rank. 


Per- 
cent- 
age. 


Rank. 


Per- 
cent- 
age. 


Rank. 




Group I: Median 

Middle, 50 per cents . . . 


0.(39 
( .345 
\ to 
[1.30 


C 

4 

to 

8 


0.40 


3 


0.90 
( .67 
{ to 
U-80 


7 

3 

to 

8 


0.42 
I 


4 


2.66 
(l.SO 
{ to 
[3.09 


7 

4 

to 








1 




10 




Group II: Median 


.70 
f .485- 
\ to 
I .855 


5+ 
4 
to 
6 


.60 

.13 

to 

1.12 


5 

3 

to 

7 


1.295 

.87 

to 

1.97 


10-1- 

to 
13 


.50 

.27 

to 

.575 


7+ 
5 
to 
9 


2.415 

1.88 

to 

3.30 


10+ 




Middle, 50 per cents 


5 
to 
14 




Group III: Median 


l.:325 


12+ 


.70 


9+ 


1.78 


21 


.54 


11 


3.28 


19+ 




Middle, 50 per cents 


f .84 
\ to 
[1.59 


7 
to 
17 


.23 
to 
1.40 


5 
to 
14 


1.50 

to 

2.50 


10 
to 
29 


.12 

to 
.92 


5 
to 

18 


2.62 

to 

4.45 


10 
to 
29 




Group IV: Median 


.71 


9 


1.11 


6 


2.47 


13+ 


.51 


9 


3.78 


14+ 




Middle, 50 per cents 


f .25 
\ to 
U.27 


5 
to 
13 


.36 

to 

1.90 


3 

to 
9 


2.01 

to 

3.07 


7 
to 
20 


.17 
to 
.735 


5 

to 
13 


2.99 

to 

5.00 


8 
to 
21 



GROUP I.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 300,000 OR OVER IN 1910. 



Chicago, 111 

St. Louis, Mo 

Cleveland, Ohio 

Baltimore, Md 

Detroit, Mich 

Buffalo, N.Y 

San Francisco, Cal. 
Milwaukee, Wis. . . 

Newark, N.J 

New Orleans, La.. 

Washington, D. C. 
Los Angeles, Cal. . . 
Minneapolis, Minn. 



0.96 

6.93 

.29 

1.13 



.32 

.69 

1.47 

1.84 



2.11 
.28 
.34 



.40 



1.10 



0.39 
.26 

2.70 
.84 

1.80 

.83 
1.77 
1.80 
1.10 
2.16 

.67 
.90 
.67 



0.34 
.80 

4.70 
.20 



.22 
1.30 



3.80 
8.27 
8.03 
2.17 
1.80 

1.15 
2.46 
3.69 
2.94 
2.56 

1.54 
2.67 



GROUP II.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 100,000 TO 300,000 IN 1910. 



Jersey City, N. J... 
Providence, R. I... 

St. Paul, Minn 

Portland, Oreg 

Columbus, Ohio... 

Toledo, Ohio 

Oakland, Cal 

Syracuse, N. Y 

New Haven, Conn. 
Birmingham, Ala.. 

Memphis, Term. 

Scranton, Pa 



Paterson, N. J 

Omaha, Nebr 

Grand Rapids, Mich. 

Nashville, Tenn 

Lowell, Mass 

Cambridge, Mass 

Spokane, Wash 

Albany, N.Y 



0.33 



.79 

'.'58' 



.79 
1.40 



.09 



.92 

2.38 

.39 

.73 



1.12 
2.45 



1.17 



0.95 
2.65 

.94 

1.34 

.79 

.53 

1.87 

.82 

.87 

4.00 

1.87 

2.99 

.70 
1.25 
2.37 
1.10 
1.34 

2.24 

.65 

1.97 



0.54 
.61 



1.90 

1.96 

.01 

.26 
.16 



.48 
.30 



.10 
.52 
.52 

.28 



1.82 
3.26 

1.73 
2.00 
3.58 
3.19 
1.88 

1.87 
2.56 
4.00 
3.56 
5.74 

1.62 
4.00 
3.30 
2.35 
1.62 

2.24 
2.48 
1.97 



GROUP III.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 50,000 TO 100,000 IN 1910. 



Hartford, Corm 

Trenton, N. J 

New Bedford, Mass. 

Reading, Pa 

Camden, N. J 

Dallas, Tex 

Springfield, Mass. . . 



0.94 

.65 



1.59 



0.35 



0.60 
1.35 

3.18 
2.80 
2.00 
1.56 
2.33 



0.21 



.10 
.59 



2.10 

2.00 

3.18 
3.40 
2.00 
3.25 
2.92 



PERCENTAGE. OF TOTAL EXPENSES. 



63 



Table 23. — Showing for each item of expense of general control the percentage of total 
expenses, based on Table 16 — Continued. 

GROUP III— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 50,000 TO 100,000 IN 1910— Continued. 



Cities. 



Board of ed- 
ucation. 



Per- 
cent- 



Rank. 



Finance of- 
fices. 



Per- 
cent- 
age. 



Rank. 



Superintend- 
ent's office. 



Per- 
cent- 



Rank. 



Other over- 
head ex- 
penses. 



Per- 
cent- 
age. 



Rank. 



Total. 



Per- 
cent- 



Rank. 



Wilmington, Del. . . 
Des Moines, Iowa. . . 

Lawrence, Mass 

Tacoma, Wash 

Kansas City, Kans. 

St. Joseph, Mo 

Troy,N. Y 

Utica, N. Y 

Elizabeth, N.J 

Schenectady, N. Y . 

Hoboken. N. J 

Manchester, N. H... 

Evansville, Ind 

Norfolk, Va 

Wilkes-Barre, Pa . . . 

Peoria, 111 

Erie, Pa 

Savannah, Ga 

Oklahoma, Okla 

Harrisburg, Pa 

Charleston, S. C 

Portland, Me 

East St. Louis, 111.. 

Holyoke, Mass 

Jacksonville, Fla 

Brockton, Mass 

Bayoime, N.J 

Johnstown, Pa 

Passaic, N. J 

Wichita, Kans 

Covington, Ky 

AUentown, Pa 

Springfield, 111 

Saginaw, Mich 

Canton, Ohio* 



.18 
'i."23 



3. 08 
2.35 



.23 
.04 



1.25 
.57 

3.03 
.23 
.69 

.88 



1.40 

2.77 



.34 

.16 

2.91 

.22 
4.22 



1.05 



1.62 



3.49 
1.06 
1.65 

2.17 
1.68 

1.46 
1.50 
1.79 
1.72 
1.53 

1.29 
2.28 
1.76 
1.12 
2.80 

1.10 
1.93 
3.62 
1.65 
1.12 

2.50 
1.37 



.05 
.66 
.25 
1.15 
.90 

.54 

.12 

1.93 



.25 
.08 



2.93 
.05 
.91 



1.86 
".'38' 



1.40 
2.'42' 



1.45 

'i.'si' 

.99 
1.57 



1.40 
".'22' 



4.04 



.19 
1.51 



1.17 
.46 



2.24 
4.00 

2.39 
1.09 
2.90 
1.69 
1.77 

1.78 
3.06 
3.25 
2.80 
2.20 



.46 
.79 
.51 



1.00 



20 



.92 

1.63 
.20 
.06 
.67 



3.54 

2.77 
1.90 
4.55 
6.26 

4.58 
2.50 
3.72 
2.97 
2.35 

4.40 
2.51 
2.84 
3.10 
5.83 

5.65 
8.97 
4.53 
2.70 
4.45 

2.50 
1.83 
4.05 
2.75 
6.80 

2.39 
2.54 
4.30 
3.20 
3.90 

4.98 
7.30 
3.31 
4.83 
4.17 



GROUP IV.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 30,000 TO 50,000 IN 1910. 



76 


Sioux City, Iowa 










3.25 
2.51 
1.81 
3.18 
1.70 

2.10 
3.03 
1.95 
2.95 
2.43 

3.07 
1.07 
3.16 
1.70 
1.22 

2.15 
2.24 
2.31 
3.00 
1.92 

4.41 
2.19 
3.84 
3.51 
2.01 

2.75 
2.53 
2.69 


23 
14 

4 
22 

3 

8 
25 

6 
18 
13 

20 
2 

21 
3 
1 

9 
11 
12 
19 

5 

27 
10 
26 
24 
7 

17 
15 
16 






3.25 
3.76 
2.45 
9.16 
2.35 

3.70 
6.12 
1.95 
4.58 
2.43 

5.18 
2.94 
3.80 
2.55 
3.02 

5.20 
6.00 
3.97 
3.51 
3.03 

4.41 
4.40 
6.72 
5.35 
2.05 

2.99 
4.90 
5.00 


11 


77 


Lancaster. Pa 






1.11 

.64 

5.25 


6 

4 

12 


0.14 


4 


14 


78 


Atlantic City, N.J... . 






5 


79 


Little Rock, Ark 






.73 


13 


28 


80 


Rockford, Illf.. 


0.65 
.29 


8 
6 


3 


81 


Bay City, Mich 


.14 
1.67 


2 
8 


1.17 

.82, 


17 
15 


13 


8'' 


York, Pa 


26 


83 


Sacramento, Cal 






1 


84 


Chattanooga, Term 

Maiden, Mass 


1.55 


15 






.08 


3 


19 


85 






4 


86 


Pueblo, Colo . 


1.13 


11 


.98 


5 






22 


87 


Haverhill, Mass 


1.27 
.02 


18 
10 


7 


88 


New Britain, Conn 

Topeka, Kans 


.02 
.71 
.79 

1.15 

.04 

1.27 


2 
9 
10 

12 
3 
13 






15 


89 


.14 
.04 

1.90 

3.02 

.36 


2 
1 

9 
11 
3 


6 


90 


Davenport, Iowa 


.97 


16 


9 


91 


Wlieeling, W. Va 


23 


9? 


Chester, Pa 


.70 
.03 
.51 

.47 


12 
1 
9 

8 


25 


93 


Dubuque, Iowa 


16 


94 


Woonsocket, R.I 


12 


95 


Racine, Wis 


.04 


7 






10 


96 


TrTioTTvillp., Tenn 






18 


97 


New Castle, Pa 


.06 
2.22 
1.51 


4 
17 
14 


2.11 


10 


.04 
.66 
.33 
.04 

.23 

.74 
.20 


2 
11 

7 
2 

6 

14 
5 


17 


98 


Joliet, lU 


27 


99 


Auburn, N. Y . . 






24 


100 


Taunton, Mflsis,". 






2 


101 


Oshkosh, Wis 


.01 

.25 

2.11 


1 
5 
16 






8 


109 


Joplin, Mo . 


1.38 


7 


20 


103 


Newport, Ky 


21 













64 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



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66 



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72 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



Table 26. — Showing for total amounts exfendedfor instruction, operation, and main- 
tenance of normal, evening, vacation, and special schools the percentage of total 
expenses; based on Table 19. 



Cities. 



Normal 
schools. 



a . 
Etc, 



Evening 
schools. 



Vacation 
schools. 



Special 
schools. 






Total. 



Group I: Median 

Middle, 50 per cents . 
Group II: Median 

Middle, 50 per cents. 
Group III: Median 

Middle, 50 per cents . 
Group IV: Median 

Middle, 50 per cents . 



1.87 



1.45 

1.10 
to 

1.68 

1.52 



to 
2.20 

.975 

.615 
to 
1.995 



.57 

to 

2.13 



5 

to 
13 

15+ 



0.235 

.18 
to 
.50 



3+ 



1.32 



1+ 



.67 



2.05 



1 + 



2+ 



2.67 

to 

4.86 



.77 

to 

2.71 

1.31 

.665 
to 
2.315 

1.685 

.79 

to 

2.335 



GROUP I.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 300,000 OR MORE IN 1910. 



Chicago, 111 

St. Louis, Mo 

Cleveland, Ohio... 

Baltimore, Md 

Detroit, Mich 

Buffalo, N.Y 

San Francisco, Cal. 
Milwaukee, Wis . . . 

Newark, N. J 

New Orleans, La. . 

"Washington, D. C. 
Los Angeles, Cal... 
Minneapolis, Minn. 



1.21 
2.05 
2.52 



.24 



.80 
2.25 

1.87 



1.68 
1.10 
1.12 
1.16 
1.51 

2.14 
4.21 
1.45 
6.42 
1.65 

1.04 
.64 
.16 



0.16 
.18 
.50 



.18 
1.49 



0.49 

1.60 

.42 



.78 
3.23 



3.54 
4.93 
4.56 
1.16 
2.71 

2.67 
4.99 
4.86 
8.71 
3.90 

2.91 
.64 
.24 





GROUP II.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OP 100,000 TO 300,000 IN 1910. 




14 


Jersey City, N. J 






1.70 
4.10 


11 

16 


0.13 


2 






1.83 
4.10 

.26 
2.52 

.52 


11 


Ti 












17 


16 


St. Paul, Minn 






.26 


3 






1 


17 


Portland, Oreg 







.66 
.10 


3 

1 


1.86 


2 


13 


18 


r.nlmnhns, Ohio 


.42 


1 






3 


19 


Toledo, Ohio 












?n 


Oakland, Cal 






1.74 
1.03 
1.31 


12 

7 
8 










1.74 
1.09 

1.68 


10 


?1 


Syracuse, N. Y 






.06 
.37 


1 

6 






7 


?? 


New Haven, Conn • 










9 


9^ 














9^ 


Memphis, Tenn 






.68 
2.20 
1.52 
1.01 
1.60 

.86 
5.54 
3.13 

.28 
2.76 


4 
13 
9 
6 
10 

5 
17 
15 

2 
14 










.68 
2.20 
1.52 
1.01 
2.66 

.86 
5.54 
3.47 

.28 
2.76 


4 


■"^ 
















1? 


''fi 


Paterson, N. J . 














8 


97 


Omaha, Nehr 














6 


''8 


Grand Rapids, Mich 






.28 


4 


.78 


1 


14 


9C) 


Nashville, Tenn 






5 


30 
















IS 


31 








.34 


5 






16 


^9 












2 


33 


Albany, N.Y 














15 





















GROUP III.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 50,000 TO 100,000 IN 1910. 



3-1 








3.70 
1.54 
2.05 
1.81 
.65 


30 
20 
24 
22 
11 


0.79 


3 






4.49 
4.88 
6.17 
1.81 
.65 


30 


35 


Trenton N J 






3.34 


2 


32 


36 




4.12 


7 






34 


37 












21 


38 


Camden, N.J 














8 



KORMAL, EVElTIlSrG, AND VACATION SCHOOLS. 



73 



Table 26. — Showing for total amounts expended for instruction, operation, and main- 
tenance of normal, evening, vacation, and special schools the percentage of total 
expenses; based on Table 19 — Continued. 



GROUP III.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 50,000 TO 100,000 IN 1910-Coiitinued. 




Citiea. 


Normal 
schools. 


Evening 
schools. 


Vacation 
schools. 


Special 
schools. 


Total. 




4i 


^ 
« 


h 


M 
§ 
rt 


4i 

^1 




Ph 


M 

rt 


§1 

P-l 


^ 
§ 
« 


?t> 


Dallas, Tex 






.80 

2.62 

.66 

.22 

4.30 


14 
28 
12 
2 
31 










.80 

3.38 

.66 

.89 

4.67 


12 


40 


Springfield, Mass 










.76 


1 


29 


41 












9 


4'' 








.67 
.37 


2 
1 






13 


4S 


Lawrence, Mass 










31 


44 


Tacoma, Wash 












45 


Kansas City, Kans 






















4fi 
























47 


Troy, N. Y 






.95 
1.31 

4.53 
1.60 
2.11 
1.23 

.48 

.60 
.67 
.30 
.67 
1.22 

.80 
.29 


15 
19 

32 
21 
25 
18 

7 

9 
13 

5 

13 
17 

14 
4 










.95 
1.31 

5.68 
1.60 
2.11 
1.23 

.48 

.60 

.67 

.30 

1.39 

1.22 

.80 
.69 


14 


4R 


Utica, N. Y . 














17 


4P 


Elizabeth, N. J 


1.15 


4 










33 


50 


Schenectady, N. Y 










20 


51 


Hoboken, N.J 














24 


5'' 


Manchester, N. H . 














16 


58 


Evansville, Ind 














4 


54 


Norfolk, Va 














6 


55 


Wilkes-Barre, Pa 














10 


56 


Peoria, 111 














2 


57 


Erie, Pa 


.72 


3 










18 


58 


Savannah, Ga 










15 


59 


Oklahoma, Okia 














12 


fiO 


Harrisburg, Pa 


.40 


1 










11 


61 


Charleston, S. C 












6? 


Portland, Me 






.52 
.42 

3.12 


8 
6 

29 










.52 
.42 

3.12 


5 


63 


East St. Louis, lU 
















64 


Holyoke, Mass 














28 


65 


Jacksonville, Fla 
















66 


Brockton, Mass 






2.21 
1.94 


26 
23 










2.21 
1.94 


25 


67 


Bayonne, N.J 














23 


68 


Johnstown, Pa 
















69 


Passaic, N. J 






2.42 


27 










2.42 

1.89 

.19 

.63 

3.00 

1.57 


26 


70 


Wichita, Kans 


1.89 


5 










22 


71 


Covington, Ky 


.19 
.63 
.27 

1.00 


1 

10 
3 

16 










1 


7?. 


Allento\vn, Pa 














7 


73 


Springfield, 111 


2.73 
57 


6 
2 










27 


74 


Saginaw, Mich 










19 


75 


Canton, Ohio 







































GROUP IV.— CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF 30,000 TO 50,000 IN 1910. 




76 


Sioux City, Iowa 






















77 


Lancaster, Pa 






1.64 
.70 


9 
6 










1.64 
.70 


7 


78 


Atlantic City, N.J 














4 


79 


Little Rock, Ark 
















80 


Rockford.Ill 






.20 
.24 


1 
2 










.20 

.88 


1 


81 


Bay City, Mich 










0.64 


2 


5 


82 


York, Pa 












83 


Sacramento, Cal 






4.59 


14 






.58 


1 


5.17 


14 


84 


Chattanooga, Tenn 












85 


Maiden, Mass 






2.47 


12 










2.47 


n 


86 


Pueblo, Colo 
















87 


Haverhill, Mass 






1.32 
2.06 


8 
10 


0.41 


1 






1.73 
2.06 


s 


88 


New Britain, Conn 










g 


89 


Topeka, Kans 
















90 


Davenport, Iowa /. . . 






















91 


Wheeling, W. Va 






















92 


Chester, Pa 






















93 


Dubuque, Iowa 






















94 


Woonsocket, R.I 






2.50 
1.05 


13 

7 










2.50 
3.10 


12 


95 


Racine, Wis 










2.05 


4 


13 


96 


Knoxville, Tenn 












97 


New Castle, Pa 






















98 


Joliet,Ill 






.30 

.61 

2.20 

.53 


3 

5 
11 

4 










.30 

.61 

2.20 

1.44 


2 


99 


Auburn, N. Y 














3 


100 


Taunton, Mass 














10 


101 


Oshkosh, Wis 










.91 


3 


6 


102 


Joplin, Mo 












103 


Newport, Ky 















































74 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



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76 



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PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPENSES. 



77 



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78 



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2.32 
4.02 
2.05 


t^ lO 


IM '■ 


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1.30 
2.63 
1.40 
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050 

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d ■ ■ * 


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0.55 
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2.58 
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PERCENTAGE OF TOTAD EXPENSES. 



79 



O OlC^ OOCO OT] 


Mr-I 


3.10 
2.94 
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2.60 
1.51 

2.17 
1.58 
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00 O i-iO0i>-<^'^ 05>HIOC<I05 COCDICCOW O '^ CO 


1.88 
2.24 

.43 

4.50 

1.17 

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6.97 
2.34 
3.21 
2.36 
1.98 

3.60 
1.15 
.76 
2.72 
4.42 

2.24 

3.10 

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0.93 
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1.59 




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1.00 
1.89 
1.42 

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.01 

.28 
.62 
.31 
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1.48 

2.53 
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.12 
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1-5 






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80 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



^ 



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to 




CDWOU^"* OiOOOi^lO •^OTf^icb* OCOWOO Ol*0>00 I^COOIO 
C01000020 (NTfcOO-H OlOSOlMiO O -O --1 -a- lO OCCOJOCt^ Ot~0-H 


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PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL. EXPENSES. 



81 



CO rH rH 


3.66 
1.35 
1.04 
1.42 
1.03 
































03 










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SSSS? 


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00 
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W 






















































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c 

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03 
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CO 


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COOOfMOC^ 00t^"^«O»O COCOOOT-ft^ OCOt^i— 


r-t lOCOOSiO -^ 
rHrH (M (N 


S'^^ 




2.92 
2.36 
1.60 
2.41 
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1.37 
2.23 
1.90 
1.07 
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2.12 
3.72 
11.60 
1.47 
4.93 

1.40 

.50 

1.23 

2.49 

.17 

2.06 
1.80 
1.38 
3.00 
2.95 

2.37 
.90 

2.75 




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CO 






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20929°— 32- 



82 



EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 



•t?. 



g Q> 

Co ^ 

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1^ 



1^ -^ 



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CO rH O CO 



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83BJ9Ay 



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to to 
to 
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to to 
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to to to 

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ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 



83 



eOCOiHOW OOOOJ'^t* 



I>I>. T-( 1— I 1-H I>- OS N O »H 



fNC^rHC^C* CO(MCCCSlC<S 



ooc<iOt-4'^ tf5t>-oseo 






!>, COOlCOlOCO 



O CD t^C40i-t 



lOWT-HOit^ -^CDOOCO 



OOOI>'T-l Oi-HCSO 



1-H CO 'lOt* 00WC0**O 



1-1 CO 'COCO 03'^COCOiO 



COOOuOtHCO N^COt>- 



OtHi-HOi-H OtHi-H^H 



OSCO»OI>0 tH"<*OWC0 



coQcoooio MeotoNi-f 



OS '<** 1-H 00 CO OiOCDNt* 



^•<»<COC<ICO COOt^COGO 



COt^-^OlO "HOOOC^O 



OiOiOOiCO OSi-HC^COOO 

lOOSOOOOOO tH^HiOCOOO 



WiOiHCOOO 



otHocmos 



■«*< CO r-l iC C^ OI>-00050 



cooiooc^ co-^-^coc^ 

OCOOS(NCO "^OiC^-^iO 

ococoo-^ lOO^^O 

CNi ,-1 1-< C^ tH (MfMCqCMCQ 



s-gi^^ 



fio)^ 



dS'^^.a 



5h^-J 






d ? S w 3 






i-HCS-^iOO t-OOOi-lt 



C<I(N 1I3MO 






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CO-^r-ii— (CO QOCOCOiOOi lOCO (NCOlO 



■^OS'-HiON tHCO'^OCS 00 CO b-iOO 



TtiC^iC^l>. C<IC005>- 



00OS05O lO 



(N CO CDi-fOi 



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'coi^co 



OS 'r-< 00 -t-W^ CO 



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5 0S10QO 



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CD CO T-H CO I>- 



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GO CO CO lO CO •'T 1— ( -^ 1— t t^ C<1 CO CO OJ "^ 



>OCO00W5t-i COCO'**<(NOS C^ -^ O i-H>- 



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WCDOOOW t*rt<iOT-tCVJ COOS "^^OCO 



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CO OS Cfl -CD 1 CO 



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84 



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EXPENSES OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 






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BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION. 

(Continued rrom page 2 of cover.) 
xoxo. 

No. 1. The movement for reform in the teaching of religion in the public schools of 
Saxony. By Arley Barthlow Show, Prof essor, of Medieval History, Leland Stan- 
ford Junior University, pp.45. 
No. 2. State school systems; III. Legishxtion and judicial decisions rela.ting to pub- 
lic education, October 1, 1908, to October 1, 1909. By Edward 0. Elliott, Professor 
of Education in the Universitj' of Wisconsin. . pp. ,305. . 
I©. 3. List of publications of the United States Biu-eau of Education, 1867-1910. 
i^pp. 55. 

4. The biological stations of Europe, By Charles Atwood Kofoid. pp. 360. ; 

5. American schoolhouses. By Fletcher B. Dresslar, Professor of Philosophy 
'^■and Education, University of Alabama, pp.133. 

No. 6. Statistics of State universities and other institutions of higher education par- 
tially supported by the State for the year ended June 30, 1910, pp. 29. 

lOljL. 

No. 1. Bibliography of Science teaching. Compiled by a committee of the Amer- 
ican federation of teachers of the math ematicar and the natural sciences, pp. 27. 

No. 2. Opportuniti<?s for gradiuite study. in agriculture in the United States. By A. C. 
Monahan, Special in Land-Grtint College Statistics, Bureau of Education, pp. 16. 

No. 3. Agencies for the improvement of teachers in sendee. _ By William Carl Ruedi- 
ger, Pi-ofessor of Educational Psychology, Teachers College, George Washington. Uni- 
versity, Washington, D. 0. pp. 157. ^ 

No. 4. Report of the com mi ssion appointed to study the system of education in the 
public schools of Baltimore, pp.112. ;_ 

No. 5. Age and gi'ade census of schools and colleges, a study of retardation and elimi- 
nation. By George Drayton Strayer, Professor of Educational Administration, 
Teachers College, Colunibia University, pp. 144. 

No. 6. Graduate work in -mathematics in universities and other institutions of like 
grade. Being the report of Committee XII in the American report to the Inter- 
national commission on the teaching of mathematics, .-pp. 63. 

No. 7. Undergraduate work in mathematics in colleges of liberal arts and universities. 
Being the report of Committee X in the American report -to the International com- 
mission on the teaching of mathematics, pp. 30. V; 

No. 8. Examinations in mathematics, other than those set by the teacher for his. own 
classes. Being the report of Committee VII in the American report to the Interna- 
tional commission on the teaching of mathematics, pp.72. 

No. 9. Mathematics in technological schools of collegiate grade. Being the report of 
CommitteeTX in the American report to the International com.mission on the teach- 
ing of mathematics, pp. 44. ^ 

No. 10. Bibliography of education for 1809-10. pp.166. .■ 

No. 11. Bibliography of child study for the years 1908-9. pp. M. 

No, 12. Training of teachers of elementary and secondary ma.thematics. Being-the 
report of Committee V in the American report to the International commission on 
,the teaching (jf mathematics, pp.23. . : 

13. Mathematics in the elementary schools. Being the report of Committees I and 
tea the American report to the liiternational commission on the teaching of mathe- 

Provision for exceptional children in public schools, pp.92. 
;.The educa,tional system of China, as recently reconstructed. By Harry Edwin 
Jace President of the Peking University. " pp. 105. 

'"*' |hematics in public and private secondary schools of the United States. 
Reports of Committees III and IV in the American report to the Interna- 
^, ,^.^.., ,_jtmis.sion on tiie teaching of mathema;tics. pp. 187. 
ritf List of publications of the tTnited States Bureau of Education, pp. 47. 
. 18. Teachers' certificates issued rmder general State laws and regulations. By 
Harlan Updegraff, specialist in School Administi-ation, Bmeau of Education, pp. 
269. ■ . 

No. 19. Statistics of State universities and other institutions of higher education 
partially supported by the State, 1910-11. pp. 23. ■ 



No. 1.. A course of study for the preparation of rural school teachers. By Pred 

Mutchler and'W. J. Craig, Western Kentucky State Normal School.- pp. 23. 
No. 2. Mathematics at West Point and Annapolis, pp.25. 




019 757 254 1 



'^m^ / /- 



